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there has been a new development in this business

  • 1 development

    development [dɪ'veləpmənt]
    (a) (of body, person, mind) développement m, formation f; (of ideas, language) développement m, évolution f; (of argument, theme) développement m, exposé m; (of plot, situation) déroulement m, développement m; (of business) développement m, expansion f; (of invention, process) mise f au point; (of region) mise f en valeur, exploitation f;
    ∎ they propose the development of this land as a residential area ils suggèrent d'aménager ce terrain en zone résidentielle;
    (b) (incident, event) fait m nouveau;
    ∎ we're awaiting further developments nous attendons la suite des événements ou les derniers développements;
    ∎ a surprise development un rebondissement;
    ∎ there has been an unexpected development l'affaire a pris une tournure inattendue;
    ∎ there are no new developments il n'y a rien de nouveau;
    ∎ the latest developments in the former Soviet Union les derniers événements survenus dans l'ex-Union Soviétique;
    ∎ the latest developments in medical research les dernières découvertes médicales
    ∎ housing development cité f (ouvrière);
    ∎ industrial development zone f industrielle
    (d) Mathematics, Music & Photography développement m
    ►► British development area = zone économiquement sinistrée bénéficiant d'aides publiques en vue de sa reconversion;
    Finance development capital capital-développement m;
    development grant subvention f pour le développement;
    development loans crédits mpl de développement;
    Marketing development stage (of product) phase f de développement;
    development system = système informatique conçu pour le développement de logiciels

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > development

  • 2 nouveau

    nouveau, nouvelle (masculine plural nouveaux) [nuvo, nuvεl]
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ► nouvel, instead of nouveau, is used before a masculine noun beginning with a vowel or silent h.
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    1. adjective
       a. new
       b. ( = autre, supplémentaire) another
    2. masculine noun
       a. ( = homme) new man ; ( = élève) new boy
       b. ( = nouveauté) y a-t-il du nouveau à ce sujet ? is there anything new on this?
    3. feminine noun
       a. ( = femme) new woman ; ( = élève) new girl
       b. ( = événement) news uncount
    • ce n'est pas une nouvelle ! that's nothing new!
    • vous connaissez la nouvelle ? have you heard the news?
    • première nouvelle ! that's the first I've heard about it!
       c. ( = court récit) short story
    4. plural feminine noun
    • quelles nouvelles ? what's new?
    • aux dernières nouvelles, il était à Paris the last I (or we etc) heard he was in Paris
    • avez-vous de ses nouvelles ? have you heard from him? ; (par un tiers) have you had any news of him?
    • il aura de mes nouvelles ! (inf) I'll give him a piece of my mind!
    * * *

    1.
    ( nouvel before vowel or mute h), nouvelle, mpl nouveaux nuvo, nuvɛl adjectif
    1) (qui remplace, succède) [modèle, locataire] new; ( qui s'ajoute) [attentat, tentative] fresh

    se faire faire un nouveau costume — ( pour remplacer) to have a new suit made; ( supplémentaire) to have another suit made

    2) ( d'apparition récente) [mot, virus, science, ville] new; ( de la saison) [pommes de terre, vin] new
    3) ( original) [ligne, méthode] new, original
    4) ( novice)

    2.
    nom masculin, féminin ( à l'école) new student; ( dans une entreprise) new employee; ( à l'armée) new recruit

    je ne sais pas, je suis nouveau — I don't know, I'm new here


    3.
    nom masculin

    4.
    à nouveau, de nouveau locution adverbiale (once) again
    Phrasal Verbs:
    ••
    * * *
    nuvo, nuvɛl (nouvelle) nouvel (devant un nom masculin commençant par une voyelle ou un h muet) nouveaux mpl
    1. adj

    Il me faut un nouveau pantalon. — I need some new trousers.

    Elle a une nouvelle voiture. — She's got a new car.

    2) (en plus) another

    Il y eu un nouvel accident au carrefour. — There's been another accident at the crossroads.

    3) (élève) new

    Il y a un nouvel élève dans ma classe. — There's a new boy in my class.

    4) (récent) new

    C'est nouveau, essayez-le. — It's new, try it.

    5) (= original) (idée, solution) novel
    2. nm/f
    1) (élève) new pupil
    2) (étudiant) new student
    3) (employé) new employee

    Il y a plusieurs nouveaux dans la classe. — There are several new children in the class.

    3. nm

    Il y a du nouveau. — There's something new., There's a new development.

    Il pleut de nouveau. — It's raining again.

    4. nf
    1) (= information) piece of news, news sg

    C'est une nouvelle intéressante. — That's interesting news.

    être sans nouvelles de qn; Je suis sans nouvelles de lui. — I haven't heard from him.

    2) LITTÉRATURE short story
    5. nouvelles nfpl
    PRESSE, TV news
    * * *
    A adj
    1 (qui remplace, succède, s'ajoute) new; le nouveau modèle/système/locataire the new model/system/tenant; où se trouve la nouvelle entrée? where's the new entrance?; c'est le nouveau Nijinsky he's the new ou a second Nijinsky; se faire faire un nouveau costume ( pour remplacer) to have a new suit made; ( supplémentaire) to have another ou a new suit made; il a subi une nouvelle opération he's had another ou a new operation; il y a eu un nouvel incident there's been another ou a new ou a fresh incident; faire une nouvelle tentative to make another ou a new ou a fresh attempt; ces nouveaux attentats these new ou fresh atta!cks; procéder à de nouvelles arrestations to make further arrests; nous avons de nouvelles preuves de leur culpabilité we have further evidence of their guilt; une nouvelle fois once again;
    2 ( d'apparition récente) [mot, virus, science, ville] new; ( de la saison) [pommes de terre, vin] new; tiens, tu fumes! c'est nouveau? you're smoking! is this a new habit?; c'est nouveau ce manteau? is this a new coat?; ce genre de travail est nouveau pour moi this sort of work is new to me, I'm new to this sort of work; tout nouveau brand-new; les nouveaux élus the newly-elected members; les nouveaux mariés the newlyweds; la nouvelle venue the newcomer; les nouveaux venus the newcomers; ⇒ pauvre C;
    3 ( original) [ligne, conception, méthode] new, original; voir qch sous un jour nouveau to see sth in a new light; c'est une façon très nouvelle d'aborder le problème it's a very novel approach to the problem; ce n'est pas nouveau this is nothing new; il n'y a rien de nouveau there's nothing new;
    4 ( novice) être nouveau dans le métier/en affaires to be new to the job/in business.
    B nm,f
    1 ( à l'école) new student; tu as vu la nouvelle? have you seen the new student?;
    2 ( dans une entreprise) new employee; il y a trois nouveaux dans le bureau there are three new people in the office; je ne sais pas, je suis nouveau I don't know, I'm new here;
    3 ( à l'armée) new recruit.
    C nm
    1 ( rebondissement) il y a du nouveau ( dans un processus) there's been a new development; ( dans une situation) there' s been a change; téléphone-moi s'il y a du nouveau give me a ring GB ou call if there is anything new (to report); j'ai du nouveau pour toi I've got some news for you;
    2 ( nouveauté) il nous faut du nouveau we want something new.
    D nouvelle nf
    1 ( annonce d'un événement) news ¢; une nouvelle gén a piece of news; Presse, TV, Radio a news item; une bonne/mauvaise nouvelle some good/bad news; j'ai une grande nouvelle (à t'annoncer) I've got some exciting news (for you); j'ai appris deux bonnes nouvelles I've heard two pieces of good news; tu connais la nouvelle? have you heard the news?; première nouvelle○! that's news to me!, that's the first I've heard of it!; la nouvelle de qch the news of [décès, arrestation, mariage]; la nouvel!le de sa mort nous a beaucoup peinés we were very sa!d to hear about his/her death; ⇒ faux;
    2 Littérat short story; un recueil de nouvelles a collection of short stories.
    E à nouveau, de nouveau loc adv (once) again.
    F nouvelles nfpl
    1 ( renseignements) news (sg); recevoir des nouvelles de qn ( par la personne elle-même) to hear from sb; ( par un intermédiaire) to hear news of sb; il y a un mois que je suis sans nouvelles de lui I haven't heard from him for a month; on est sans nouvelles des prisonniers we've had no news of the prisoners; je prendrai de tes nouvelles I'll hear how you're getting on; donne-moi de tes nouvelles let me know how you're getting on; il m'a demandé de tes nouvelles he asked after you; faire prendre des nouvelles d'un malade to send for news of a patient; je viens aux nouvelles○ ( de ce qui s'est passé) I've come to see what's happened; ( de ce qui se passe) I've come to see what's happening; aux dernières nouvelles, il se porte bien○ the last I heard he was doing fine; il aura de mes nouvelles○! he'll be hearing from me!; goûte ce petit vin, tu m'en diras des nouvelles○ have a taste of this wine, it's really good!;
    2 Presse, Radio, TV les nouvelles the news (sg); les nouvelles sont mauvaises the news is bad; les nouvelles du front news from the front.
    nouveau franc new franc; nouveau philosophe Philos member of a French school of philosophy developed in the 70's; nouveau riche nouveau riche; nouveau roman nouveau roman; Nouveau Monde New World; Nouveau Réalisme New Realism; Nouveau Testament New Testament; Nouveaux pays industrialisés, NPI newly industrialized countries, NIC; Nouvel An New Year; fêter le Nouvel An to celebrate the New Year; pour le Nouvel An for the New Year; le Nouvel An chinois/juif the Chinese/Jewish New Year; nouvelle année = Nouvel An; nouvelle cuisine Culin nouvelle cuisine; Nouvelle Vague Cin New Wave.
    tout nouveau tout beau the novelty will soon wear off; pas de nouvelles, bonnes nouvelles! Prov no news is good news!
    [nuvo] (devant nom masculin commençant par voyelle ou 'h' muet nouvel [nuvɛl]) ( féminin nouvelle [nuvɛl], pluriel masculin nouveaux [nuvo], pluriel féminin nouvelles [nuvɛl]) adjectif
    1. [de fraîche date - appareil, modèle] new ; [ - pays] new, young
    c'est tout nouveau, ça vient de sortir
    a. it's new, it's just come out
    nouveaux mariés newlyweds, newly married couple
    2. [dernier en date] new, latest
    nouveaux élus [députés] new ou newly-elected deputies
    nouvel an, nouvelle année New Year
    3. [autre] further, new
    4. [original - découverte, idée] new, novel, original
    un esprit/un son nouveau est né a new spirit/sound is born
    une conception nouvelle a novel ou fresh approach
    porter un regard nouveau sur quelqu'un/quelque chose to take a fresh look at somebody/something
    5. [inhabituel] new
    ce dossier est nouveau pour moi this case is new to me, I'm new to this case
    6. [novateur]
    les Nouveaux philosophesgroup of left-wing, post-Marxist thinkers including André Glucksmann and Bernard-Henri Lévy who came to prominence in the late 1970s
    nouveau roman nouveau roman (term applied to the work, mainly in the 1950s and 1960s, of a number of novelists who rejected the assumptions of the traditional novel)
    nouveau, nouvelle nom masculin, nom féminin
    [élève] new boy ( feminine girl)
    [adulte] new man ( feminine woman)
    nouveau nom masculin
    ————————
    à nouveau locution adverbiale
    ————————
    de nouveau locution adverbiale
    ————————
    nouvelle vague nom féminin
    ————————
    nouvelle vague locution adjectivale invariable
    new-generation (modificateur)
    ————————
    Nouvelle Vague nom féminin
    This expression refers to a group of French filmmakers, including François Truffaut and Jean-Luc Godard, who broke away from conventional style and methods in the late 1950s and produced some of the most influential films of the period using simple techniques and everyday settings.

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > nouveau

  • 3 near cash

    !
    гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.
    This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.
    The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:
    "
    consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;
    " "
    the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;
    " "
    strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and
    "
    the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.
    The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:
    "
    the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and
    "
    the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.
    Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.
    Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)
    "
    Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and
    "
    Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.
    More information about DEL and AME is set out below.
    In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.
    To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.
    Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.
    Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.
    There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.
    AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.
    AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.
    AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.
    Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.
    Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.
    Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets.
    "
    Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest.
    "
    Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:
    "
    Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and
    "
    The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.
    The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.
    The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.
    Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.
    The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:
    "
    provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;
    " "
    enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;
    " "
    introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and
    "
    not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.
    To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.
    A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:
    "
    an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;
    " "
    an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;
    " "
    to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with
    "
    further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.
    The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.
    Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.
    The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.
    Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.
    To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.
    This document was updated on 19 December 2005.
    Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money
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    "
    GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money
    "
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    GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money
    ————————————————————————————————————————
    GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.
    ————————————————————————————————————————

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > near cash

  • 4 giro

    m.
    1 turn.
    2 money order.
    giro postal postal order
    3 draft.
    4 turn of phrase.
    5 industry. ( Latin American Spanish)
    6 spin, twirl, rotation, circular movement.
    7 trend, turn, tendency.
    8 idiom, expression, turn of phrase.
    9 rotexion.
    10 line of business.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: girar.
    * * *
    1 (vuelta) turn, turning
    2 (dirección) course, direction
    3 COMERCIO draft
    4 (frase) turn of phrase, expression
    \
    dar un nuevo giro a to give a new twist to, put in a new light
    tomar un nuevo giro to take a new turn
    giro postal money order
    giro telegráfico money order
    * * *
    noun m.
    1) turn
    •
    * * *
    I
    SM
    1) (=vuelta) [gen] turn ( sobre around)
    [de planeta] [sobre sí mismo] rotation; [alrededor de otro planeta] revolution

    giro copernicano — U-turn, complete turnabout

    giro de 180 grados — (lit) U-turn; (fig) U-turn, complete turnabout

    la situación ha dado un giro de 180 grados — the situation has taken a U-turn, there has been a complete turnabout in the situation

    2) (=cambio) [de conversación, acontecimientos] turn
    3) (=envío de dinero) [por correo] money order; (Com) draft

    le mandó o puso un giro de 400 euros — he sent him a money order for 400 euros

    giro bancario — bank giro, bank draft

    giro postal — postal order, money order

    giro telegráfico — = giro postal

    4) (Ling) turn of phrase, expression
    II
    ADJ LAm [gallo] with some yellow feathers
    * * *
    I
    - ra adjetivo (AmL) speckled yellow
    II
    1) (Mec, Tec) turn
    2)
    a) (Auto) turn
    b) ( cambio) change of direction

    un giro de 180 grados — a volte-face o an about-turn

    c) ( dirección) turn
    3) (Fin)

    poner or enviar un giro — ( a través de un banco) to transfer money; ( por correo) to send a money order

    4) (Ling, Lit) expression, turn of phrase
    * * *
    = deflection, spin, idiom, twist, whirl, twirl.
    Ex. Deflection to the left gives him the same control backwards.
    Ex. This paper dscusses the development in CD-ROM drive speeds since the 1985 base rate of a constant 150 KB/s with a spin range of 300-500 rotations per seconds.
    Ex. Using a popular idiom, we might inquire, 'Is this the real McCoy'?.
    Ex. 'But human creatures must not help each other nor must they make any maudlin twist'.
    Ex. Like a whirl of shiny flakes sparkling in a snow globe, Hubble catches an instantaneous glimpse of many hundreds of thousands of stars.
    Ex. Always make sure your partner is in control of their own movement before letting go after a twirl.
    ----
    * giro bancario = bank transfer, wire transfer, credit transfer.
    * giro imprevisto en la trama = twist in the plot.
    * giro inesperado = twist.
    * giro postal = postal order, post office payment, money order.
    * giro postal internacional = international money order.
    * vida + dar un giro de 180 grados = turn + Posesivo + life around.
    * * *
    I
    - ra adjetivo (AmL) speckled yellow
    II
    1) (Mec, Tec) turn
    2)
    a) (Auto) turn
    b) ( cambio) change of direction

    un giro de 180 grados — a volte-face o an about-turn

    c) ( dirección) turn
    3) (Fin)

    poner or enviar un giro — ( a través de un banco) to transfer money; ( por correo) to send a money order

    4) (Ling, Lit) expression, turn of phrase
    * * *
    = deflection, spin, idiom, twist, whirl, twirl.

    Ex: Deflection to the left gives him the same control backwards.

    Ex: This paper dscusses the development in CD-ROM drive speeds since the 1985 base rate of a constant 150 KB/s with a spin range of 300-500 rotations per seconds.
    Ex: Using a popular idiom, we might inquire, 'Is this the real McCoy'?.
    Ex: 'But human creatures must not help each other nor must they make any maudlin twist'.
    Ex: Like a whirl of shiny flakes sparkling in a snow globe, Hubble catches an instantaneous glimpse of many hundreds of thousands of stars.
    Ex: Always make sure your partner is in control of their own movement before letting go after a twirl.
    * giro bancario = bank transfer, wire transfer, credit transfer.
    * giro imprevisto en la trama = twist in the plot.
    * giro inesperado = twist.
    * giro postal = postal order, post office payment, money order.
    * giro postal internacional = international money order.
    * vida + dar un giro de 180 grados = turn + Posesivo + life around.

    * * *
    giro1 -ra
    ( AmL) speckled yellow
    A ( Mec, Tec) turn
    B
    1 ( Auto) turn
    hizo un giro a la derecha she turned right, she made a right turn
    2 (cambio) change of direction
    un giro en la política del país a change of direction in the country's politics
    intentan dar un giro hacia una postura más realista they are trying to move toward(s) a more realistic stance
    en cuanto al tema de los misiles ha dado un giro de 180 grados he has done a volte-face o an about-turn o ( BrE) a U-turn on the missile question
    Compuesto:
    seismic change
    no me gusta el giro que ha tomado esta conversación I don't like the direction this conversation has taken
    las relaciones entre ellos han tomado un nuevo giro relations between them have taken a new turn
    C ( Fin):
    poner or enviar un giro (a través de un banco) to transfer money; (por correo) to send a money order
    Compuestos:
    (cheque) bank draft, banker's draft; (transferencia) credit transfer
    money order, giro
    D ( Ling, Lit) expression, turn of phrase
    * * *

     

    Del verbo girar: ( conjugate girar)

    giro es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    giró es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    girar    
    giro
    girar ( conjugate girar) verbo intransitivo
    1

    [ disco] to revolve, go around;
    [ trompo] to spin;
    giro alrededor de algo/algn to revolve around sth/sb

    2 (torcer, desviarse) to turn;

    verbo transitivo
    1 ‹manivela/volante› to turn
    2 (Com, Fin) ‹cheque/letra de cambio› to draw
    giro sustantivo masculino
    1 ( en general) turn;

    un giro de 180 grados a volte-face, an about-turn;
    el giro que estaba tomando la conversación the direction the conversation was taking
    2 (Fin):


    ( por correo) to send a money order;
    ◊ giro bancario ( cheque) bank o banker's draft;


    ( transferencia) credit transfer;

    girar
    I verbo intransitivo
    1 (unas aspas, un trompo, etc) to spin
    2 (torcer, cambiar de dirección) girar a la derecha/izquierda, to turn right/left
    3 (tratar) to revolve: la conversación giró en torno al tiempo, the conversation revolved around the weather
    II verbo transitivo
    1 (la cabeza, llave) to turn
    2 Fin (dinero) to send by giro
    (una letra de cambio) to draw
    giro sustantivo masculino
    1 (vuelta) turn
    2 (rumbo, dirección, aspecto) turn, direction: la situación ha dado un giro de ciento ochenta grados, the situation has made a U-turn
    3 (expresión, locución) turn of phrase
    4 Fin draft
    giro postal/telegráfico, money order
    ♦ Locuciones: giro copernicano, radical change
    ' giro' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    enviar
    - girar
    - vuelta
    - destinatario
    - hispanismo
    - luz
    English:
    better
    - cable
    - left
    - money order
    - spin
    - swing
    - turn
    - twirl
    - twist
    - U-turn
    - veer
    - whirl
    - filter
    - flick
    - giro
    - money
    - pirouette
    - pivot
    - postal
    * * *
    Giro ['jiro] nm
    [carrera ciclista]
    el Giro (de Italia) the Giro, the Tour of Italy
    * * *
    m
    1 turn;
    giro a la derecha/izquierda right/left turn; POL shift to the right/left
    2 GRAM idiom
    * * *
    giro nm
    1) vuelta: turn, rotation
    2) : change of direction
    giro de 180 grados: U-turn, about-face
    3)
    giro bancario : bank draft
    4)
    giro postal : money order
    * * *
    giro n
    1. (movimiento) turn
    2. (manera de hablar) turn of phrase / expression

    Spanish-English dictionary > giro

  • 5 fatto

    1. past part vedere fare
    2. adj done
    fatto a mano hand-made
    fatto di legno made of wood
    fatto in casa home-made
    fatto per qualcuno/qualcosa (tailor-)made for someone/sth
    3. m fact
    ( avvenimento) event
    ( faccenda) affair, business
    il fatto è che... the fact is that...
    cogliere sul fatto catch red-handed
    di fatto adj real
    adv in fact, actually
    passare a vie di fatto come to blows
    in fatto di as regards
    * * *
    fatto1 agg.
    1 done; made: un letto fatto di legno, a wooden bed; una torta fatta in casa, a homemade cake; ricamo fatto a mano, a macchina, handmade, machine-made embroidery; (comm.) fatto su ordinazione, custom-built; questo lavoro sembra fatto apposta per me, this job seems to have been made especially for me // a conti fatti non mi sembra convenga, all things considered (o all in all) I don't think it's worthwhile // io sono fatto così, I'm that sort of person (o that's the way I am) // ben fatto!, well done!, ( ben ti sta) it serves you right! // detto fatto, no sooner said than done, ( subito) thereupon (o immediately) // ciò che è fatto è fatto, what's done is done // ( finalmente) è fatta!, at long last it's done!, ( è finita) at long last it's over! // a questo punto vien fatto di chiedersi se..., at this point the question arises whether... // mi vien fatto di pensare che..., I'm led (o inclined) to think that...
    2 ( adatto) fit: non sono fatto per questa vita, I am not fit for this sort of life; sono fatti l'uno per l'altra, they are made for eachother
    3 ( maturo) ripe: formaggio fatto, ripe cheese; uomo fatto, fullgrown man; donna fatta, fullgrown woman; era giorno fatto, it was broad daylight
    4 (sl.) ( drogato) doped (up), drugged, stoned
    5 (fam.) ( stanchissimo) dead beat, fagged out, knackered.
    fatto2 s.m.
    1 fact; ( azione) deed; act, action: a me interessano solo i fatti, I'm interested only in facts; vogliamo fatti, non parole, we want deeds, not words; veniamo ai fatti, let's come to the facts; il fatto è che non lo sopporto più, the point is that I can't stand him anymore; gli rimproverò il fatto di non averla avvisata, she reproached him for not having told her; non si spiegava il fatto del suo rifiuto, she didn't understand his refusal // fatto compiuto, accomplished fact (o fait accompli) // fatto di sangue, bloodshed, (dir.) ( ferimento) wounding, ( omicidio) murder: nuovi fatti di sangue nel Libano, more bloodshed in Lebanon // cogliere sul fatto, to catch s.o. red-handed // passare dalle parole ai fatti, to pass from words to blows (o to resort to force) // (dir.): in fatto e in diritto, in fact and in law; questione di fatto, issue of fact; fatto illecito, unlawful act (o tort)
    2 ( avvenimento) event: conosci i fatti che hanno portato alle dimissioni del primo ministro?, do you know the events that led to the Prime Minister's resignation?; questo fatto ebbe delle conseguenze gravissime, this event had very serious consequences; mi è successo un fatto strano..., something strange happened to me...
    3 ( faccenda) affair; business [U]; matter: bada ai fatti tuoi!, mind your own business!; egli sa il fatto suo, he knows his business (o he knows what he is about); ha un fatto personale con me, he has a personal grievance with me // è sicuro del fatto suo, ( sicuro di quel che fa) he is sure of himself // dire il fatto suo a qlcu., to pitch into s.o. (o to give s.o. a piece of one's mind); gli dissi il fatto suo, I gave him a piece of my mind
    4 in fatto di, as regards: in fatto di musica, nessuno lo batte, as far as music is concerned (o goes) he is second to none
    5 di fatto, (agg.) real, sure; (avv.) actually; virtually: l'unico dato di fatto è che per ora i lavori sono sospesi, the only sure thing is that the work has been suspended; sta di fatto che è partito da solo, the point is that (o actually) he left alone; è suo fratello che di fatto dirige l'azienda, it's his brother who actually runs the firm // coppia, unione di fatto, de facto married couple, common-law marriage.
    * * *
    ['fatto] I fatto (-a)
    1. pp
    See:
    2. agg
    1) (prodotto) made

    fatto a macchina/a mano — machine-/hand-made

    abiti fatti — ready-made o off-the-peg clothes

    2)

    (fraseologia) sono fatto così — that's how I am, I'm like that

    essere fatto per qc — to be made o meant for sth

    è fatta! — that's it!, I've (o you've ecc) done it!

    è completamente fatto — (fam : drogato, ubriaco) he's (completely) stoned

    II ['fatto] sm
    1) (accaduto) fact

    il fatto sta o è che — the fact remains o is that

    2) (azione) deed, act
    3) (avvenimento) event, occurrence, (di romanzo, film) action, story
    * * *
    I 1. ['fatto]
    participio passato fare I
    2.
    1) (realizzato, compiuto)

    ben fatto, mal fatto — well, badly done

    fatto a macchina, a mano — machine-made, handmade

    fatto di o in made of; ben -a [ ragazza] well set-up; fatto a stella — star-shaped

    fatto per qcs., per fare — made o fit for sth., to do

    sono -i l'uno per l'altra — they're made o meant for each other

    non è fatto per lavorare, per l'insegnamento — he's not cut out for work, for teaching

    6) gerg. (drogato) stoned, zonked
    ••
    II 1. ['fatto]
    sostantivo maschile

    questo è il fatto — this is the point, that's the fact of the matter

    il fatto è che — the fact o point is that

    il fatto stesso che, di fare — the very fact that, of doing

    vogliono -i, non parole — they want deeds, not words

    2) (avvenimento) event
    3) in fatto di as regards, as far as [sth.] is concerned
    4) di fatto [situazione, potere, governatore] de facto attrib.; [marito, moglie, matrimonio] common-law attrib.
    5) sta di fatto che, fatto sta che the fact o point is that
    2.
    sostantivo maschile plurale fatti (affari, questioni personali)

    badare ai o farsi i -i propri to mind one's own business; andarsene per i -i propri — to go about one's business

    fatto compiuto — accomplished fact, fait accompli

    mettere qcn. davanti al fatto compiuto — to present sb. with a fait accompli

    ••

    cogliere qcn. sul fatto — to catch sb. in the act o red-handed

    * * *
    fatto1
    /'fatto/
     → 1. fare
     1 (realizzato, compiuto) ben fatto, mal fatto well, badly done; ben fatto! well done! fatto in casa homemade; fatto a macchina, a mano machine-made, handmade
     2 (formato) fatto di o in made of; ben -a [ ragazza] well set-up; fatto a stella star-shaped
     3 (adatto) fatto per qcs., per fare made o fit for sth., to do; sono -i l'uno per l'altra they're made o meant for each other; non è fatto per lavorare, per l'insegnamento he's not cut out for work, for teaching
     4 (adulto) un uomo fatto a grown man
     5 (inoltrato) giorno fatto broad daylight; è tornato a notte -a he came back when it was dark
     6 gerg. (drogato) stoned, zonked
    ecco fatto! here you are! è -a! it's done! we did it! detto fatto no sooner said than done.
    ————————
    fatto2
    /'fatto/
    I sostantivo m.
     1 (atto concreto) fact; il fatto di fare (the fact of) doing; questo è il fatto this is the point, that's the fact of the matter; il fatto è che the fact o point is that; il fatto stesso che, di fare the very fact that, of doing; vogliono -i, non parole they want deeds, not words; i -i parlano chiaro the facts are clear; veniamo ai -i let's get to the point o facts
     2 (avvenimento) event
     3 in fatto di as regards, as far as [sth.] is concerned
     4 di fatto [situazione, potere, governatore] de facto attrib.; [marito, moglie, matrimonio] common-law attrib.; è lui che di fatto dirige l'azienda it is he who actually runs the company
     5 sta di fatto che, fatto sta che the fact o point is that
    II fatti m.pl.
     (affari, questioni personali) questi sono -i miei! that's my (own) business! badare ai o farsi i -i propri to mind one's own business; andarsene per i -i propri to go about one's business
    di nome e di fatto in word and deed; sa il fatto suo he knows what he is about; gli ha detto il fatto suo he gave him a piece of his mind; cogliere qcn. sul fatto to catch sb. in the act o red-handed
    \
    fatto compiuto accomplished fact, fait accompli; mettere qcn. davanti al fatto compiuto to present sb. with a fait accompli; fatto di cronaca news item; - i di sangue bloodshed.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > fatto

  • 6 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 7 seguir

    v.
    1 to follow.
    tú ve delante, que yo te sigo you go ahead, I'll follow o I'll go behind
    seguir algo de cerca to follow o monitor something closely (desarrollo, resultados)
    Ellos siguen la caravana They follow the convoy.
    Eso es lo que sigue That is what follows.
    2 to follow.
    me parece que nos siguen I think we're being followed
    3 to continue, to resume.
    Me sigue el dolor My pain persists.
    4 to continue, to go on.
    ¡sigue, no te pares! go o carry on, don't stop!
    aquí se baja él, yo sigo he's getting out here, I'm going on (al taxista)
    sigo trabajando en la fábrica I'm still working at the factory
    debes seguir haciéndolo you should keep on o carry on doing it
    sigo pensando que está mal I still think it's wrong
    sigue enferma/en el hospital she's still ill/in hospital
    ¿qué tal sigue la familia? how's the family getting on o keeping?
    5 to keep on, to go along, to carry on, to continue.
    María se sigue haciendo daño Mary keeps on hurting herself.
    6 to continue to be, to continue being, to keep, to keep being.
    Las chicas siguen testarudas The girls continue to be stubborn.
    7 to obey, to keep.
    Las chicas siguen las reglas The girls obey the rules.
    8 to imitate, to follow.
    Los fanáticos siguen al cantante The fans imitate the singer.
    9 to come afterwards, to come next, to come after, to come along.
    Algo bueno sigue Something good comes afterwards.
    * * *
    (e changes to i in certain persons of certain tenses; gu changes to g before a and o)
    Present Indicative
    sigo, sigues, sigue, seguimos, seguís, siguen.
    Past Indicative
    seguí, seguiste, siguió, seguimos, seguisteis, siguieron.
    Present Subjunctive
    Imperfect Subjunctive
    Future Subjunctive
    Imperative
    sigue (tú), siga (él/Vd.), sigamos (nos.), seguid (vos.), sigan (ellos/Vds.).
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=perseguir) [+ persona, pista] to follow; [+ indicio] to follow up; [+ presa] to chase, pursue

    ella llegó primero, seguida del embajador — she arrived first, followed by the ambassador

    2) (=estar atento a) [+ programa de TV] to watch, follow; [+ programa de radio] to listen to, follow; [+ proceso, progreso] to monitor, follow up; [+ satélite] to track
    3) (=hacer caso de) [+ consejo] to follow, take; [+ instrucciones, doctrina, líder] to follow
    4) [+ rumbo, dirección] to follow

    siga esta calle y al final gire a la derecha — carry on up o follow this street and turn right at the end

    • seguir su curso, el proyecto sigue su curso — the project is still on course, the project continues on (its) course

    5) (=entender) [+ razonamiento] to follow

    ¿me sigues? — are you with me?

    6) (Educ) [+ curso] to take, do
    7) † [+ mujer] to court †
    2. VI
    1) (=continuar) to go on, carry on

    ¿quieres que sigamos? — shall we go on?

    ¡siga! — (=hable) go on!, carry on; LAm (=pase) come in

    ¡síguele! — Méx go on!

    "sigue" — [en carta] P.T.O.; [en libro] continued

    2)

    • seguir adelante — [persona] to go on, carry on; [acontecimiento] to go ahead

    adelante 1)
    3) [en estado, situación] to be still

    ¿cómo sigue? — how is he?

    que siga usted bien — keep well, look after yourself

    • seguimos sin teléfono — we still haven't got a phone

    4)

    • seguir haciendo algo — to go on doing sth, carry on doing sth

    siguió mirándola — he went on o carried on looking at her

    el ordenador seguía funcionando — the computer carried on working, the computer was still working

    5) (=venir a continuación) to follow, follow on

    entre otros ejemplos destacan los que siguen — amongst other examples, the following stand out

    • seguir a algo, las horas que siguieron a la tragedia — the hours following o that followed the tragedy

    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) <persona/vehículo/presa> to follow

    camina muy rápido, no la puedo seguir — she walks very fast, I can't keep up with her

    el que la sigue la consigue — (fam) if at first you don't succeed, try, try again

    2) <camino/ruta>

    siga esta carretera hasta llegar al puente — go along o follow this road as far as the bridge

    3) ( en el tiempo) to follow

    seguir a algo/alguien — to follow something/somebody

    4)
    a) <instrucciones/consejo/flecha> to follow
    b) ( basarse en) <autor/teoría/método/tradición> to follow
    5)
    a) <trámite/procedimiento> to follow
    b) (Educ) < curso> to take

    estoy siguiendo un curso de fotografía — I'm doing o taking a photography course

    6)
    a) <explicaciones/profesor> to follow

    dicta demasiado rápido, no la puedo seguir — she dictates too quickly, I can't keep up

    ¿me siguen? — are you with me?

    no sigo ese programa — I don't watch that program, I'm not following that program

    2.
    seguir vi
    1)
    a) ( por un camino) to go on

    siga derecho or todo recto hasta el final de la calle — keep o go straight on to the end of the street

    seguir de largo — (AmL) to go straight past

    b)
    c) (Col, Ven) ( entrar)

    siga por favor — come in, please

    2) (en lugar, estado)

    ¿tus padres siguen en Ginebra? — are your parents still in Geneva?

    sigue soltera/tan bonita como siempre — she's still single/as pretty as ever

    si las cosas siguen así... — if things carry on like this...

    si sigue así de trabajador, llegará lejos — if he carries on working as hard as this, he'll go a long way

    3)
    a) tareas/buen tiempo/lluvia to continue; rumores to persist
    b)

    seguir + ger: sigo pensando que deberíamos haber ido I still think we ought to have gone; sigue leyendo tú you read now; seguiré haciéndolo a mi manera — I'll go on o carry on doing it my way, I shall continue to do it my way (frml)

    4)
    a) (venir después, estar contiguo)
    b) historia/poema to continue

    ¿cómo sigue la canción? — how does the song go on?

    3.
    seguirse v pron (en 3a pers)

    de esto se sigue que... — it follows from this that...

    * * *
    = accord with, adhere to, chase, conform to, espouse, fit, follow, keep to, observe, pursue, run along, stay, stick to, proceed, overlay, carry on, go ahead, soldier on, succeed, hew to, overlie, keep up, roll on.
    Ex. So while that tracing may have accorded with a rule, it violated common sense.
    Ex. Since BC adheres closely to the educational and scientific consensus, BC found most favour with libraries in educational establishments.
    Ex. Also, in controlled indexing language data bases, there is often an assumption that a user will be prepared to chase strings of references or to consult a sometimes complex thesaurus.
    Ex. These basic permutation rules are modified somewhat to conform to bibliographic requirements.
    Ex. Most respondents espoused the latter view as an appropriate response to IT developments to date.
    Ex. Especially if the new subject is one which upsets the previous structure of relationships, it will be difficult to fit into the existing order.
    Ex. An abstract covers all of the main points made in the original document, and usually follows the style and arrangement of the parent document.
    Ex. Obviously, once a choice of citation order has been made it must be kept to, otherwise, chaos will result.
    Ex. It is worth briefly observing a general approach to the creation of a data base.
    Ex. All effective indexes must have some common facets if only because the audience does not alter merely because the indexer chooses to pursue certain indexing practices.
    Ex. Whevener logical processes of thought are employed - that is, whenever thought for a time runs along an accepted groove - there is an opportunity for the machine.
    Ex. What is possibly less easy is to making sure that the guiding stays clean, neat and accurate.
    Ex. It might be striking to outline the instrumentalities of the future more spectacularly, rather than to stick closely to methods and elements now known.
    Ex. Before we proceed to look at the operators in detail, a couple of examples may help to make the layout clearer.
    Ex. There may be a very flexible communication system that overlays the administrative structure, or there may be a fairly rigid pattern of communication that adheres to the administrative lines of authority.
    Ex. If a child detects that no very strong value is placed on reading then he feels no compulsion to develop his own reading skill beyond the minimal, functional level we all need simply to carry on our daily lives in our print-dominated society.
    Ex. A plan for the construction and implementation phases will be drawn up, if it is decided to go ahead = Si se decide continuar, se elaborará un plan para las fases de construcción y puesta en práctica.
    Ex. Russell soldiered on in 'Principles of Mathematics', he pleaded a distinction between analysis by way of philosophical definitions and analysis by way of mathematical definitions.
    Ex. In 1964 he was promoted to Associate Director of the Processing Department where he succeeded John Cronin as Director four years later.
    Ex. The structure adopted hews to the theoretical model of the resilient organization as described by Enright.
    Ex. The disputes between islanders and outsiders overlie the deeper problem of administrative denial of indigenous lagoon rights.
    Ex. He was told to ' keep up whatever it is he was doing' because he was doing great!.
    Ex. But to make matters worse, and as the drought rolls on, it is very likely that it won't rain again until October or November.
    ----
    * camino a seguir, el = way forward, the.
    * como siga así = at this rate.
    * como sigue = as follows.
    * debate + seguir = debate + rage.
    * difícil de seguir = heavy going.
    * el camino a seguir = the way ahead, the way to go.
    * hay que seguir adelante = the show must go on.
    * indicar el camino a seguir = point + the way forward.
    * indicar el camino a seguir para = point + the way to.
    * las cosas siguen igual = business as usual.
    * la vida + seguir = life + go on.
    * modelos a seguir = lessons learned [lessons learnt].
    * mostrar el camino a seguir = point + the way forward.
    * no saber cómo seguir = be stuck, get + stuck.
    * no seguir una norma = fall (far) short of + norm.
    * pautas a seguir = best practices, lessons learned [lessons learnt].
    * pendiente de seguir la última moda = fashion-conscious.
    * procedimiento a seguir = code of practice.
    * que sigue = ensuing.
    * que sigue una norma = compliant (with).
    * que uno sigue a su propio ritmo = self-paced, self-guided.
    * resignarse y seguir adelante = bite + the bullet.
    * seguir activo = remain + in being, remain + in place.
    * seguir adelante = go forward, forge + ahead, forge + forward, go ahead, go straight ahead, carry through, move along, move forward, press forward (with), move + forward, continue on + Posesivo + way, move on.
    * seguir adelante con = go ahead with, stick with.
    * seguir a flote = stay in + business, stay + afloat.
    * seguir al día = remain on top of.
    * seguir Algo al pie de la letra = follow + Nombre + to the letter.
    * seguir Algo a rajatabla = follow + Nombre + to the letter.
    * seguir al pie de la letra = keep + strictly to the letter.
    * seguir al pie del cañón = soldier on.
    * seguir a rajatabla = keep + strictly to the letter.
    * seguir así = keep + it up, keep up + the good work, keep up + the great work.
    * seguir avanzando = forge + ahead, forge + forward.
    * seguir caminando = continue on + Posesivo + way.
    * seguir como antes = go on + as before.
    * seguir como modelo = pattern.
    * seguir con = go on with, maintain + continuity, maintain + momentum, stick at.
    * seguir con Algo = take + Nombre + further.
    * seguir con el buen hacer = keep up + the good work, keep up + the great work.
    * seguir con el control = stay in + control.
    * seguir con el mando = stay in + control.
    * seguir con + Posesivo + vida normal = get on with + Posesivo + life.
    * seguir considerando = consider + further.
    * seguir de cerca = monitor, stay in + control, keep + track of.
    * seguir desarrollando = develop + further.
    * seguir el buen camino = keep on + the right track, keep on + the straight and narrow.
    * seguir el camino de la verdad = keep on + the straight and narrow.
    * seguir el camino más ético = take + the high ground, take + the high road.
    * seguir el debate = follow + the thread.
    * seguir el ejemplo = follow + the lead, take after.
    * seguir el ejemplo de = take + Posesivo + cue from, take + a cue from.
    * seguir el ejemplo de Alguien = take + a leaf out of + Posesivo + book, follow + Posesivo + example.
    * seguir el hilo = follow + the thread.
    * seguir el ritmo de Algo o Alguien = keep up with + pace.
    * seguir en contacto = stay + tuned.
    * seguir en contacto (con) = stay in + touch (with), keep in + touch (with).
    * seguir en existencia = remain + in being.
    * seguir en la brecha = soldier on.
    * seguir en pie = hold + Posesivo + own, hold up.
    * seguir entre los primeros = remain on top.
    * seguir enviando + Nombre = keep + Nombre + coming.
    * seguir este camino = go along + this road.
    * seguir este rumbo = proceed + along this way.
    * seguir + Gerundio = keep on + Gerundio.
    * seguir haciéndolo así = keep up + the good work.
    * seguir haciéndolo bien = keep up + the good work.
    * seguir haciendo lo mismo = business as usual.
    * seguir igual = be none the worse for wear.
    * seguir inmediatamente = fast on the heels of, on the heels of.
    * seguir inmediatamente a = come on + the heels of.
    * seguir irreconciliable con = remain + unreconciled to.
    * seguir la conversación = follow + the thread.
    * seguir la corazonada de uno = play + Posesivo + hunches.
    * seguir la corriente = go with + the flow, go along with + the flow.
    * seguir la iniciativa = follow + the lead.
    * seguir la marcha de = monitor.
    * seguir la moda = catch + the fever.
    * seguir la pista = follow up, track, follow through, shadow, track down.
    * seguir la pista a un documento = chase + item.
    * seguir la pista de = keep + track of.
    * seguir la trayectoria = follow up, follow through.
    * seguirle el juego a, seguirle la corriente a = play along with.
    * seguirle la corriente a = play along with.
    * seguir levantado = stay up.
    * seguir líneas diferentes = be on different lines.
    * seguir lo mismo = remain + the same.
    * seguir los pasos de = follow in + the footsteps of.
    * seguir malgastando el dinero = throw + good money after bad.
    * seguir opuesto a = remain + unreconciled to.
    * seguir por delante de = keep + one step ahead of.
    * seguir por el buen camino = keep out of + trouble, keep on + the right track.
    * seguir + Posesivo + pasos = follow in + Posesivo + footsteps.
    * seguir progresando = forge + ahead, forge + forward.
    * seguirse = ensue.
    * seguir siendo = remain.
    * seguir siendo + Adjetivo = remain + Adjetivo.
    * seguir siendo lo mismo = remain + the same.
    * seguir sin agraciarse con = remain + unreconciled to.
    * seguir sin haberse traducido = remain + untranslated.
    * seguir sin reconciliarse con = remain + unreconciled to.
    * seguir sin traducirse = remain + untranslated.
    * seguir tirando el dinero = throw + good money after bad.
    * seguir trabajando aceptando una limitación = work (a)round + shortcoming, work (a)round + limitation, work (a)round + constraints.
    * seguir trabajando así = keep up + the good work.
    * seguir trabajando bien = keep up + the good work.
    * seguir tratando = discuss + further.
    * seguir una dirección = follow + path, take + path.
    * seguir una escala = fall along + a continuum.
    * seguir una estrategia = take + tack.
    * seguir una filosofía = espouse + philosophy.
    * seguir una metodología = adopt + approach.
    * seguir una práctica = adopt + practice.
    * seguir una táctica = take + tack.
    * seguir una trayectoria = follow + track.
    * seguir un camino = take + path, take + direction, tread + path, walk + path.
    * seguir un camino diferente = strike out on + a different path.
    * seguir un consejo = take + advice.
    * seguir un curso de acción = follow + track.
    * seguir un método = take + approach.
    * seguir un modelo = embrace + model, conform to + image.
    * seguir unos pasos = follow + steps.
    * seguir un patrón = conform to + image.
    * seguir un principio = adopt + convention.
    * seguir un rumbo diferente = take + a different turn.
    * seguir + Verbo = still + Verbo.
    * seguir vigente = hold + Posesivo + own.
    * seguir viviendo = live on.
    * seguir vivo = live on, stay + alive.
    * siguiendo = along.
    * siguiendo un estilo indicativo = indicatively.
    * si sigue así = at this rate.
    * si todo sigue igual = all (other) things being equal.
    * tiempo + seguir su marcha inexorable = time + march on.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) <persona/vehículo/presa> to follow

    camina muy rápido, no la puedo seguir — she walks very fast, I can't keep up with her

    el que la sigue la consigue — (fam) if at first you don't succeed, try, try again

    2) <camino/ruta>

    siga esta carretera hasta llegar al puente — go along o follow this road as far as the bridge

    3) ( en el tiempo) to follow

    seguir a algo/alguien — to follow something/somebody

    4)
    a) <instrucciones/consejo/flecha> to follow
    b) ( basarse en) <autor/teoría/método/tradición> to follow
    5)
    a) <trámite/procedimiento> to follow
    b) (Educ) < curso> to take

    estoy siguiendo un curso de fotografía — I'm doing o taking a photography course

    6)
    a) <explicaciones/profesor> to follow

    dicta demasiado rápido, no la puedo seguir — she dictates too quickly, I can't keep up

    ¿me siguen? — are you with me?

    no sigo ese programa — I don't watch that program, I'm not following that program

    2.
    seguir vi
    1)
    a) ( por un camino) to go on

    siga derecho or todo recto hasta el final de la calle — keep o go straight on to the end of the street

    seguir de largo — (AmL) to go straight past

    b)
    c) (Col, Ven) ( entrar)

    siga por favor — come in, please

    2) (en lugar, estado)

    ¿tus padres siguen en Ginebra? — are your parents still in Geneva?

    sigue soltera/tan bonita como siempre — she's still single/as pretty as ever

    si las cosas siguen así... — if things carry on like this...

    si sigue así de trabajador, llegará lejos — if he carries on working as hard as this, he'll go a long way

    3)
    a) tareas/buen tiempo/lluvia to continue; rumores to persist
    b)

    seguir + ger: sigo pensando que deberíamos haber ido I still think we ought to have gone; sigue leyendo tú you read now; seguiré haciéndolo a mi manera — I'll go on o carry on doing it my way, I shall continue to do it my way (frml)

    4)
    a) (venir después, estar contiguo)
    b) historia/poema to continue

    ¿cómo sigue la canción? — how does the song go on?

    3.
    seguirse v pron (en 3a pers)

    de esto se sigue que... — it follows from this that...

    * * *
    = accord with, adhere to, chase, conform to, espouse, fit, follow, keep to, observe, pursue, run along, stay, stick to, proceed, overlay, carry on, go ahead, soldier on, succeed, hew to, overlie, keep up, roll on.

    Ex: So while that tracing may have accorded with a rule, it violated common sense.

    Ex: Since BC adheres closely to the educational and scientific consensus, BC found most favour with libraries in educational establishments.
    Ex: Also, in controlled indexing language data bases, there is often an assumption that a user will be prepared to chase strings of references or to consult a sometimes complex thesaurus.
    Ex: These basic permutation rules are modified somewhat to conform to bibliographic requirements.
    Ex: Most respondents espoused the latter view as an appropriate response to IT developments to date.
    Ex: Especially if the new subject is one which upsets the previous structure of relationships, it will be difficult to fit into the existing order.
    Ex: An abstract covers all of the main points made in the original document, and usually follows the style and arrangement of the parent document.
    Ex: Obviously, once a choice of citation order has been made it must be kept to, otherwise, chaos will result.
    Ex: It is worth briefly observing a general approach to the creation of a data base.
    Ex: All effective indexes must have some common facets if only because the audience does not alter merely because the indexer chooses to pursue certain indexing practices.
    Ex: Whevener logical processes of thought are employed - that is, whenever thought for a time runs along an accepted groove - there is an opportunity for the machine.
    Ex: What is possibly less easy is to making sure that the guiding stays clean, neat and accurate.
    Ex: It might be striking to outline the instrumentalities of the future more spectacularly, rather than to stick closely to methods and elements now known.
    Ex: Before we proceed to look at the operators in detail, a couple of examples may help to make the layout clearer.
    Ex: There may be a very flexible communication system that overlays the administrative structure, or there may be a fairly rigid pattern of communication that adheres to the administrative lines of authority.
    Ex: If a child detects that no very strong value is placed on reading then he feels no compulsion to develop his own reading skill beyond the minimal, functional level we all need simply to carry on our daily lives in our print-dominated society.
    Ex: A plan for the construction and implementation phases will be drawn up, if it is decided to go ahead = Si se decide continuar, se elaborará un plan para las fases de construcción y puesta en práctica.
    Ex: Russell soldiered on in 'Principles of Mathematics', he pleaded a distinction between analysis by way of philosophical definitions and analysis by way of mathematical definitions.
    Ex: In 1964 he was promoted to Associate Director of the Processing Department where he succeeded John Cronin as Director four years later.
    Ex: The structure adopted hews to the theoretical model of the resilient organization as described by Enright.
    Ex: The disputes between islanders and outsiders overlie the deeper problem of administrative denial of indigenous lagoon rights.
    Ex: He was told to ' keep up whatever it is he was doing' because he was doing great!.
    Ex: But to make matters worse, and as the drought rolls on, it is very likely that it won't rain again until October or November.
    * camino a seguir, el = way forward, the.
    * como siga así = at this rate.
    * como sigue = as follows.
    * debate + seguir = debate + rage.
    * difícil de seguir = heavy going.
    * el camino a seguir = the way ahead, the way to go.
    * hay que seguir adelante = the show must go on.
    * indicar el camino a seguir = point + the way forward.
    * indicar el camino a seguir para = point + the way to.
    * las cosas siguen igual = business as usual.
    * la vida + seguir = life + go on.
    * modelos a seguir = lessons learned [lessons learnt].
    * mostrar el camino a seguir = point + the way forward.
    * no saber cómo seguir = be stuck, get + stuck.
    * no seguir una norma = fall (far) short of + norm.
    * pautas a seguir = best practices, lessons learned [lessons learnt].
    * pendiente de seguir la última moda = fashion-conscious.
    * procedimiento a seguir = code of practice.
    * que sigue = ensuing.
    * que sigue una norma = compliant (with).
    * que uno sigue a su propio ritmo = self-paced, self-guided.
    * resignarse y seguir adelante = bite + the bullet.
    * seguir activo = remain + in being, remain + in place.
    * seguir adelante = go forward, forge + ahead, forge + forward, go ahead, go straight ahead, carry through, move along, move forward, press forward (with), move + forward, continue on + Posesivo + way, move on.
    * seguir adelante con = go ahead with, stick with.
    * seguir a flote = stay in + business, stay + afloat.
    * seguir al día = remain on top of.
    * seguir Algo al pie de la letra = follow + Nombre + to the letter.
    * seguir Algo a rajatabla = follow + Nombre + to the letter.
    * seguir al pie de la letra = keep + strictly to the letter.
    * seguir al pie del cañón = soldier on.
    * seguir a rajatabla = keep + strictly to the letter.
    * seguir así = keep + it up, keep up + the good work, keep up + the great work.
    * seguir avanzando = forge + ahead, forge + forward.
    * seguir caminando = continue on + Posesivo + way.
    * seguir como antes = go on + as before.
    * seguir como modelo = pattern.
    * seguir con = go on with, maintain + continuity, maintain + momentum, stick at.
    * seguir con Algo = take + Nombre + further.
    * seguir con el buen hacer = keep up + the good work, keep up + the great work.
    * seguir con el control = stay in + control.
    * seguir con el mando = stay in + control.
    * seguir con + Posesivo + vida normal = get on with + Posesivo + life.
    * seguir considerando = consider + further.
    * seguir de cerca = monitor, stay in + control, keep + track of.
    * seguir desarrollando = develop + further.
    * seguir el buen camino = keep on + the right track, keep on + the straight and narrow.
    * seguir el camino de la verdad = keep on + the straight and narrow.
    * seguir el camino más ético = take + the high ground, take + the high road.
    * seguir el debate = follow + the thread.
    * seguir el ejemplo = follow + the lead, take after.
    * seguir el ejemplo de = take + Posesivo + cue from, take + a cue from.
    * seguir el ejemplo de Alguien = take + a leaf out of + Posesivo + book, follow + Posesivo + example.
    * seguir el hilo = follow + the thread.
    * seguir el ritmo de Algo o Alguien = keep up with + pace.
    * seguir en contacto = stay + tuned.
    * seguir en contacto (con) = stay in + touch (with), keep in + touch (with).
    * seguir en existencia = remain + in being.
    * seguir en la brecha = soldier on.
    * seguir en pie = hold + Posesivo + own, hold up.
    * seguir entre los primeros = remain on top.
    * seguir enviando + Nombre = keep + Nombre + coming.
    * seguir este camino = go along + this road.
    * seguir este rumbo = proceed + along this way.
    * seguir + Gerundio = keep on + Gerundio.
    * seguir haciéndolo así = keep up + the good work.
    * seguir haciéndolo bien = keep up + the good work.
    * seguir haciendo lo mismo = business as usual.
    * seguir igual = be none the worse for wear.
    * seguir inmediatamente = fast on the heels of, on the heels of.
    * seguir inmediatamente a = come on + the heels of.
    * seguir irreconciliable con = remain + unreconciled to.
    * seguir la conversación = follow + the thread.
    * seguir la corazonada de uno = play + Posesivo + hunches.
    * seguir la corriente = go with + the flow, go along with + the flow.
    * seguir la iniciativa = follow + the lead.
    * seguir la marcha de = monitor.
    * seguir la moda = catch + the fever.
    * seguir la pista = follow up, track, follow through, shadow, track down.
    * seguir la pista a un documento = chase + item.
    * seguir la pista de = keep + track of.
    * seguir la trayectoria = follow up, follow through.
    * seguirle el juego a, seguirle la corriente a = play along with.
    * seguirle la corriente a = play along with.
    * seguir levantado = stay up.
    * seguir líneas diferentes = be on different lines.
    * seguir lo mismo = remain + the same.
    * seguir los pasos de = follow in + the footsteps of.
    * seguir malgastando el dinero = throw + good money after bad.
    * seguir opuesto a = remain + unreconciled to.
    * seguir por delante de = keep + one step ahead of.
    * seguir por el buen camino = keep out of + trouble, keep on + the right track.
    * seguir + Posesivo + pasos = follow in + Posesivo + footsteps.
    * seguir progresando = forge + ahead, forge + forward.
    * seguirse = ensue.
    * seguir siendo = remain.
    * seguir siendo + Adjetivo = remain + Adjetivo.
    * seguir siendo lo mismo = remain + the same.
    * seguir sin agraciarse con = remain + unreconciled to.
    * seguir sin haberse traducido = remain + untranslated.
    * seguir sin reconciliarse con = remain + unreconciled to.
    * seguir sin traducirse = remain + untranslated.
    * seguir tirando el dinero = throw + good money after bad.
    * seguir trabajando aceptando una limitación = work (a)round + shortcoming, work (a)round + limitation, work (a)round + constraints.
    * seguir trabajando así = keep up + the good work.
    * seguir trabajando bien = keep up + the good work.
    * seguir tratando = discuss + further.
    * seguir una dirección = follow + path, take + path.
    * seguir una escala = fall along + a continuum.
    * seguir una estrategia = take + tack.
    * seguir una filosofía = espouse + philosophy.
    * seguir una metodología = adopt + approach.
    * seguir una práctica = adopt + practice.
    * seguir una táctica = take + tack.
    * seguir una trayectoria = follow + track.
    * seguir un camino = take + path, take + direction, tread + path, walk + path.
    * seguir un camino diferente = strike out on + a different path.
    * seguir un consejo = take + advice.
    * seguir un curso de acción = follow + track.
    * seguir un método = take + approach.
    * seguir un modelo = embrace + model, conform to + image.
    * seguir unos pasos = follow + steps.
    * seguir un patrón = conform to + image.
    * seguir un principio = adopt + convention.
    * seguir un rumbo diferente = take + a different turn.
    * seguir + Verbo = still + Verbo.
    * seguir vigente = hold + Posesivo + own.
    * seguir viviendo = live on.
    * seguir vivo = live on, stay + alive.
    * siguiendo = along.
    * siguiendo un estilo indicativo = indicatively.
    * si sigue así = at this rate.
    * si todo sigue igual = all (other) things being equal.
    * tiempo + seguir su marcha inexorable = time + march on.

    * * *
    seguir [ I30 ]
    vt
    A ‹persona/vehículo› to follow; ‹presa› to follow
    sígame, por favor follow me, please
    la hizo seguir por un detective he had her followed by a detective
    camina muy rápido, no la puedo seguir she walks very fast, I can't keep up with her
    siga (a) ese coche follow that car!
    creo que nos están siguiendo I think we're being followed
    la siguió con la mirada he followed her with his eyes
    le venían siguiendo los movimientos desde hacía meses they had been watching his movements for months
    seguidos cada vez más de cerca por los japoneses with the Japanese catching up o gaining on them all the time
    la mala suerte la seguía a todas partes she was dogged by bad luck wherever she went
    el que la sigue la consigue or la mata ( fam); if at first you don't succeed, try, try again
    B ‹camino/ruta›
    siga esta carretera hasta llegar al puente go along o take o follow this road as far as the bridge
    continuamos el viaje siguiendo la costa we continued our journey following the coast
    me paré a saludarla y seguí mi camino I stopped to say hello to her and went on my way
    si se sigue este camino se pasa por Capileira if you take this route you go through Capileira
    seguimos las huellas del animal hasta el río we tracked the animal to the river
    la enfermedad sigue su curso normal the illness is taking o running its normal course
    el tour sigue la ruta de Bolívar the tour follows the route taken by Bolivar
    siguiéndole los pasos al hermano mayor, decidió estudiar medicina following in his elder brother's footsteps, he decided to study medicine
    C (en el tiempo) to follow seguir A algo/algn to follow sth/sb
    los disturbios que siguieron a la manifestación the disturbances that followed the demonstration
    el hermano que me sigue está en Asunción the brother who comes after me is in Asunción
    D
    1 ‹instrucciones/consejo› to follow
    tienes que seguir el dictamen de tu conciencia you must be guided by your conscience
    2 (basarse en) ‹autor/teoría/método› to follow
    en su clasificación sigue a Sheldon he follows Sheldon in his classification
    sus esculturas siguen el modelo clásico her sculptures are in the classical style
    sigue a Kant she's a follower of Kant's philosophy
    sigue las líneas establecidas por nuestro fundador it follows the lines laid down by our founder
    E
    1 ‹trámite/procedimiento› to follow
    va a tener que seguir un tratamiento especial/una dieta hipocalórica you will have to undergo special treatment/follow a low-calorie diet
    se seguirá contra usted el procedimiento de suspensión del permiso de conducción steps will be taken leading to the withdrawal of your driver's license
    2 ( Educ) ‹curso› to take
    estoy siguiendo un cursillo de fotografía I'm doing o taking a short photography course
    ¿qué carrera piensas seguir? what are you thinking of studying o reading?
    F
    1 ‹explicaciones/profesor› to follow
    dicta demasiado rápido, no la puedo seguir she dictates too quickly, I can't keep up
    me cuesta seguir una conversación en francés I find it hard to follow a conversation in French
    ¿me siguen? are you with me?
    2
    (permanecer atento a): no sigo ese programa I don't watch that program, I'm not following that program
    sigue atentamente el curso de los acontecimientos he's following the course of events very closely
    sigue paso a paso la vida de su ídolo she keeps track of every detail of her idol's life
    seguimos muy de cerca su desarrollo we are keeping careful track of its development, we are following its development very closely
    ■ seguir
    vi
    A
    1 (por un camino) to go on
    siga derecho or todo recto hasta el final de la calle keep o go straight on to the end of the street
    sigue por esta calle hasta el semáforo go on down this street as far as the traffic lights
    el tren sigue hasta Salto the train goes on to Salto
    desde allí hay que seguir a pie/en mula from there you have to go on on foot/by mule
    2
    seguir adelante: ¿entienden? bien, entonces sigamos adelante do you understand? good, then let's carry on
    llueve ¿regresamos? — no, sigamos adelante it's raining, shall we go back? — no, let's go on o carry on
    resolvieron seguir adelante con los planes they decided to go ahead with their plans
    3
    ( Col) (entrar): siga por favor come in, please
    B
    (en un lugar, un estado): ¿tus padres siguen en Ginebra? are your parents still in Geneva?
    espero que sigan todos bien I hope you're all keeping well
    ¿sigues con la idea de mudarte? do you still intend to move?, are you still thinking of moving?
    sigo sin entender I still don't understand
    sigue soltera/tan bonita como siempre she's still single/as pretty as ever
    si sigue así de trabajador, llegará lejos if he carries on working as hard as this, he'll go a long way
    C
    1
    «tareas/investigaciones/rumores»: siguen las investigaciones en torno al crimen investigations are continuing into the crime
    sigue el buen tiempo en todo el país the good weather is continuing throughout the country, the whole country is still enjoying good weather
    si siguen estos rumores if these rumors persist
    2 seguir + GER:
    sigo pensando que deberíamos haber ido I still think we ought to have gone
    sigue leyendo tú, Elsa you read now, Elsa
    si sigues molestando te voy a echar if you carry on being a nuisance, I'm going to send you out
    seguiré haciéndolo a mi manera I'll go on o carry on doing it my way, I shall continue to do it my way ( frml)
    D
    1
    (venir después, estar contiguo): lee lo que sigue read what follows, read what comes next
    el capítulo que sigue the next chapter
    me bajo en la parada que sigue I get off at the next stop
    sigue una hora de música clásica there follows an hour of classical music
    2 «historia/poema» to continue
    ¿cómo sigue la canción? how does the song go on?
    [ S ] sigue en la página 8 continued on page 8
    la lista definitiva ha quedado como sigue the final list is as follows
    ( en tercera persona) seguirse DE algo to follow FROM sth
    de esto se sigue que su muerte no fue accidental it follows from this that her death was not accidental
    * * *

     

    seguir ( conjugate seguir) verbo transitivo
    1 ‹persona/vehículo/presa› to follow;
    ◊ camina muy rápido, no la puedo seguir she walks very fast, I can't keep up with her

    2 ‹camino/ruta› to follow, go along;
    ◊ siga esta carretera hasta llegar al puente go along o follow this road as far as the bridge;

    la saludé y seguí mi camino I said hello to her and went on (my way);
    la enfermedad sigue su curso normal the illness is running its normal course
    3
    a) ‹instrucciones/consejo/flecha› to follow

    b) ‹autor/método/tradición/moda› to follow;


    4
    a) ‹trámite/procedimiento› to follow;

    ‹ tratamiento› to undergo
    b) (Educ) ‹ curso› to do, take

    5 ‹explicaciones/profesor› to follow;
    ◊ dicta demasiado rápido, no la puedo seguir she dictates too quickly, I can't keep up

    verbo intransitivo
    1

    siga derecho or todo recto keep o go straight on;

    seguir de largo (AmL) to go straight past
    b)


    resolvieron seguir adelante con los planes they decided to go ahead with their plans
    c) (Col, Ven) ( entrar):

    ◊ siga por favor come in, please

    2 (en lugar, estado):
    ◊ ¿tus padres siguen en Ginebra? are your parents still in Geneva?;

    espero que sigan todos bien I hope you're all keeping well;
    sigue soltera she's still single;
    si las cosas siguen así … if things carry on like this …
    3 [tareas/buen tiempo/lluvia] to continue;
    [ rumores] to persist;

    seguiré haciéndolo a mi manera I'll go on o carry on doing it my way
    4


    el capítulo que sigue the next chapter
    b) [historia/poema] to continue, go on

    seguir
    I verbo transitivo
    1 to follow: ésta es la hermana que me sigue, she's the sister who comes after me
    me sigue a todas partes, he follows me wherever I go
    me seguía con la mirada, his eyes followed me
    2 (comprender) to understand, follow: no soy capaz de seguir el argumento, I can't follow the plot
    3 (una ruta, un camino, consejo) to follow
    4 (el ritmo, la moda) to keep: no sigues el ritmo, you aren't keeping time
    5 (el rastro, las huellas) to track
    6 (una actividad) sigue un curso de informática, she's doing a computer course
    II verbo intransitivo
    1 (continuar) to keep (on), go on: seguiremos mañana, we'll continue tomorrow
    siguen casados, they are still married
    sigue tirando de la cuerda, keep (on) pulling at the rope ➣ Ver nota en continue y keep 2 (extenderse, llegar hasta) to stretch (out): los sembrados siguen hasta la ribera, the fields stretch down to the river-bank
    ' seguir' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    atorarse
    - continuar
    - escala
    - golpe
    - impulsar
    - juego
    - profesar
    - rastrear
    - ritmo
    - sino
    - suceder
    - trece
    - adelante
    - bordear
    - camino
    - cauce
    - cerca
    - línea
    - llevar
    - moda
    - paso
    - perro
    - racha
    - separar
    - siga
    - sigo
    - trazar
    - ver
    English:
    act on
    - advice
    - along
    - carry on
    - closely
    - continue
    - despite
    - ensue
    - fight on
    - follow
    - follow up
    - forge
    - get on
    - go ahead
    - go on
    - go through with
    - hope
    - hotly
    - keep
    - keep on
    - lead
    - march on
    - monitor
    - move on
    - obey
    - pick up
    - play on
    - play upon
    - practice
    - practise
    - press ahead
    - proceed
    - pursue
    - push ahead
    - push on
    - rattle on
    - reasoning
    - run on
    - send on
    - shadow
    - soldier on
    - stalk
    - stand
    - stay out
    - struggle on
    - succeed
    - tail
    - take
    - track
    - trail
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [ir detrás de, tomar la ruta de] to follow;
    tú ve delante, que yo te sigo you go ahead, I'll follow o I'll go behind;
    síganme, por favor follow me, please;
    la generación que nos sigue o [m5] que sigue a la nuestra the next generation, the generation after us;
    sigue este sendero hasta llegar a un bosque follow this path until you come to a forest;
    seguir el rastro de alguien/algo to follow sb's/sth's tracks;
    siga la flecha [en letrero] follow the arrow
    2. [perseguir] to follow;
    me parece que nos siguen I think we're being followed;
    parece que le siguen los problemas trouble seems to follow him around wherever he goes;
    el que la sigue la consigue where there's a will there's a way
    3. [estar atento a, imitar, obedecer] to follow;
    seguían con la vista la trayectoria de la bola they followed the ball with their eyes;
    no seguimos ese programa we don't follow that programme;
    seguir algo de cerca [su desarrollo, sus resultados] to follow o monitor sth closely;
    siempre sigue los dictámenes de la moda she always follows the latest fashion;
    los que siguen a Keynes followers of Keynes;
    el cuadro sigue una línea clásica the painting is classical in style;
    seguir las órdenes/instrucciones de alguien to follow sb's orders/instructions;
    sigue mi consejo y habla con ella take my advice and talk to her;
    siguiendo sus indicaciones, hemos cancelado el pedido we have cancelled the order as instructed
    4. [reanudar, continuar] to continue, to resume;
    yo seguí mi trabajo/camino I continued with my work/on my way;
    él siguió su discurso he continued o resumed his speech
    5. [comprender] [explicación, profesor, conferenciante] to follow;
    me costaba seguirle I found her hard to follow;
    ¿me sigues? do you follow?, are you with me?
    6. [mantener, someterse a] to follow;
    hay que seguir un cierto orden you have to follow o do things in a certain order;
    seguiremos el procedimiento habitual we will follow the usual procedure;
    es difícil seguirle (el ritmo), va muy deprisa it's hard to keep up with him, he goes very quickly;
    los aspirantes elegidos seguirán un proceso de formación the chosen candidates will receive o undergo training
    7. [cursar]
    sigue un curso de italiano he's doing an Italian course;
    sigue la carrera de medicina she's studying medicine
    ♦ vi
    1. [proseguir, no detenerse] to continue, to go on;
    ¡sigue, no te pares! go o carry on, don't stop!;
    aquí se baja él, yo sigo [al taxista] he's getting out here, I'm going on;
    siga con su trabajo carry on with your work;
    el sendero sigue hasta la cima the path continues o carries on to the top;
    "sigue la crisis en la bolsa de Tokio" Tokyo stock market crisis continues;
    debes seguir haciéndolo you should keep on o carry on doing it;
    ¿vas a seguir intentándolo? are you going to keep trying?;
    se seguían viendo de vez en cuando they still saw each other from time to time, they continued to see each other from time to time;
    seguir adelante (con algo) [con planes, proyectos] to go ahead (with sth)
    2. [mantenerse, permanecer]
    sigue enferma/en el hospital she's still ill/in hospital;
    ¿qué tal sigue la familia? how's the family getting on o keeping?;
    todo sigue igual everything's still the same, nothing has changed;
    sigue el buen tiempo en el sur del país the good weather in the south of the country is continuing;
    sigo trabajando en la fábrica I'm still working at the factory;
    ¿la sigues queriendo? do you still love her?;
    sigo pensando que está mal I still think it's wrong;
    sigue habiendo dudas sobre… doubts remain about…;
    ¡buen trabajo, sigue así! good work, keep it up!;
    si seguimos jugando así, ganaremos la liga if we carry on o keep playing like that, we'll win the league;
    Fam
    a seguir bien [como despedida] take care, look after yourself;
    de seguir así las cosas, si las cosas siguen así if things go on like this, the way things are going
    3. [tomar un camino]
    el resto siguió por otro camino the rest went another way;
    seguiremos hacia el este we'll go east then;
    siga todo recto go straight on;
    siga hasta el siguiente semáforo carry on till you get to the next set of traffic lights
    4. [sucederse, ir después] to follow;
    lo que sigue es una cita del Corán the following is a quotation from the Koran;
    seguir a algo to follow sth;
    la lluvia siguió a los truenos the thunder was followed by rain;
    ¿cómo sigue el chiste? how does the joke go on o continue?;
    el proceso de selección se realizará como sigue:… the selection process will be carried out as follows:…;
    sigue en la página 20 [en periódico, libro] continued on page 20
    5. Col [para dar permiso] please do;
    con permiso, ¿puedo entrar? – siga excuse me, can I come in? – please do
    * * *
    I v/t
    1 consejo, camino, moda etc follow;
    seguir a alguien follow s.o.
    :
    seguir fiel a alguien remain faithful to s.o.
    II v/i continue, carry on;
    seguir con algo continue with sth, carry on with sth;
    seguir haciendo algo go on doing sth, continue to do sth;
    sigue cometiendo los mismos errores he keeps on making the same mistakes;
    sigue enfadado conmigo he’s still angry with me;
    ¡a seguir bien! take care!, take it easy!
    * * *
    seguir {75} vt
    1) : to follow
    el sol sigue la lluvia: sunshine follows the rain
    seguiré tu consejo: I'll follow your advice
    me siguieron con la mirada: they followed me with their eyes
    2) : to go along, to keep on
    seguimos toda la carretera panamericana: we continued along the PanAmerican Highway
    siguió hablando: he kept on talking
    seguir el curso: to stay on course
    3) : to take (a course, a treatment)
    seguir vi
    1) : to go on, to keep going
    sigue adelante: keep going, carry on
    2) : to remain, to continue to be
    ¿todavía sigues aquí?: you're still here?
    sigue con vida: she's still alive
    3) : to follow, to come after
    la frase que sigue: the following sentence
    * * *
    seguir vb
    1. (en general) to follow
    3. (recorrer) to go on
    ¡sigue! No te pares go on! Don't stop!
    4. (continuar) to be still

    Spanish-English dictionary > seguir

  • 8 модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

    1. modular data center

     

    модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)
    -
    [Интент]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    [ http://loosebolts.wordpress.com/2008/12/02/our-vision-for-generation-4-modular-data-centers-one-way-of-getting-it-just-right/]

    [ http://dcnt.ru/?p=9299#more-9299]

    Data Centers are a hot topic these days. No matter where you look, this once obscure aspect of infrastructure is getting a lot of attention. For years, there have been cost pressures on IT operations and this, when the need for modern capacity is greater than ever, has thrust data centers into the spotlight. Server and rack density continues to rise, placing DC professionals and businesses in tighter and tougher situations while they struggle to manage their IT environments. And now hyper-scale cloud infrastructure is taking traditional technologies to limits never explored before and focusing the imagination of the IT industry on new possibilities.

    В настоящее время центры обработки данных являются широко обсуждаемой темой. Куда ни посмотришь, этот некогда малоизвестный аспект инфраструктуры привлекает все больше внимания. Годами ИТ-отделы испытывали нехватку средств и это выдвинуло ЦОДы в центр внимания, в то время, когда необходимость в современных ЦОДах стала как никогда высокой. Плотность серверов и стоек продолжают расти, все больше усложняя ситуацию для специалистов в области охлаждения и организаций в их попытках управлять своими ИТ-средами. И теперь гипермасштабируемая облачная инфраструктура подвергает традиционные технологии невиданным ранее нагрузкам, и заставляет ИТ-индустрию искать новые возможности.

    At Microsoft, we have focused a lot of thought and research around how to best operate and maintain our global infrastructure and we want to share those learnings. While obviously there are some aspects that we keep to ourselves, we have shared how we operate facilities daily, our technologies and methodologies, and, most importantly, how we monitor and manage our facilities. Whether it’s speaking at industry events, inviting customers to our “Microsoft data center conferences” held in our data centers, or through other media like blogging and white papers, we believe sharing best practices is paramount and will drive the industry forward. So in that vein, we have some interesting news to share.

    В компании MicroSoft уделяют большое внимание изучению наилучших методов эксплуатации и технического обслуживания своей глобальной инфраструктуры и делятся результатами своих исследований. И хотя мы, конечно, не раскрываем некоторые аспекты своих исследований, мы делимся повседневным опытом эксплуатации дата-центров, своими технологиями и методологиями и, что важнее всего, методами контроля и управления своими объектами. Будь то доклады на отраслевых событиях, приглашение клиентов на наши конференции, которые посвящены центрам обработки данных MicroSoft, и проводятся в этих самых дата-центрах, или использование других средств, например, блоги и спецификации, мы уверены, что обмен передовым опытом имеет первостепенное значение и будет продвигать отрасль вперед.

    Today we are sharing our Generation 4 Modular Data Center plan. This is our vision and will be the foundation of our cloud data center infrastructure in the next five years. We believe it is one of the most revolutionary changes to happen to data centers in the last 30 years. Joining me, in writing this blog are Daniel Costello, my director of Data Center Research and Engineering and Christian Belady, principal power and cooling architect. I feel their voices will add significant value to driving understanding around the many benefits included in this new design paradigm.

    Сейчас мы хотим поделиться своим планом модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения. Это наше видение и оно будет основанием для инфраструктуры наших облачных дата-центров в ближайшие пять лет. Мы считаем, что это одно из самых революционных изменений в дата-центрах за последние 30 лет. Вместе со мной в написании этого блога участвовали Дэниел Костелло, директор по исследованиям и инжинирингу дата-центров, и Кристиан Белади, главный архитектор систем энергоснабжения и охлаждения. Мне кажется, что их авторитет придаст больше веса большому количеству преимуществ, включенных в эту новую парадигму проектирования.

    Our “Gen 4” modular data centers will take the flexibility of containerized servers—like those in our Chicago data center—and apply it across the entire facility. So what do we mean by modular? Think of it like “building blocks”, where the data center will be composed of modular units of prefabricated mechanical, electrical, security components, etc., in addition to containerized servers.

    Was there a key driver for the Generation 4 Data Center?

    Наши модульные дата-центры “Gen 4” будут гибкими с контейнерами серверов – как серверы в нашем чикагском дата-центре. И гибкость будет применяться ко всему ЦОД. Итак, что мы подразумеваем под модульностью? Мы думаем о ней как о “строительных блоках”, где дата-центр будет состоять из модульных блоков изготовленных в заводских условиях электрических систем и систем охлаждения, а также систем безопасности и т.п., в дополнение к контейнеризованным серверам.
    Был ли ключевой стимул для разработки дата-центра четвертого поколения?


    If we were to summarize the promise of our Gen 4 design into a single sentence it would be something like this: “A highly modular, scalable, efficient, just-in-time data center capacity program that can be delivered anywhere in the world very quickly and cheaply, while allowing for continued growth as required.” Sounds too good to be true, doesn’t it? Well, keep in mind that these concepts have been in initial development and prototyping for over a year and are based on cumulative knowledge of previous facility generations and the advances we have made since we began our investments in earnest on this new design.

    Если бы нам нужно было обобщить достоинства нашего проекта Gen 4 в одном предложении, это выглядело бы следующим образом: “Центр обработки данных с высоким уровнем модульности, расширяемости, и энергетической эффективности, а также возможностью постоянного расширения, в случае необходимости, который можно очень быстро и дешево развертывать в любом месте мира”. Звучит слишком хорошо для того чтобы быть правдой, не так ли? Ну, не забывайте, что эти концепции находились в процессе начальной разработки и создания опытного образца в течение более одного года и основываются на опыте, накопленном в ходе развития предыдущих поколений ЦОД, а также успехах, сделанных нами со времени, когда мы начали вкладывать серьезные средства в этот новый проект.

    One of the biggest challenges we’ve had at Microsoft is something Mike likes to call the ‘Goldilock’s Problem’. In a nutshell, the problem can be stated as:

    The worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is not have enough capacity online, thus limiting the growth of our products and services.

    Одну из самых больших проблем, с которыми приходилось сталкиваться Майкрософт, Майк любит называть ‘Проблемой Лютика’. Вкратце, эту проблему можно выразить следующим образом:

    Самое худшее, что может быть при строительстве ЦОД для бизнеса, это не располагать достаточными производственными мощностями, и тем самым ограничивать рост наших продуктов и сервисов.

    The second worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is to have too much capacity online.

    А вторым самым худшим моментом в этой сфере может слишком большое количество производственных мощностей.

    This has led to a focus on smart, intelligent growth for the business — refining our overall demand picture. It can’t be too hot. It can’t be too cold. It has to be ‘Just Right!’ The capital dollars of investment are too large to make without long term planning. As we struggled to master these interesting challenges, we had to ensure that our technological plan also included solutions for the business and operational challenges we faced as well.
    So let’s take a high level look at our Generation 4 design

    Это заставило нас сосредоточиваться на интеллектуальном росте для бизнеса — refining our overall demand picture. Это не должно быть слишком горячим. И это не должно быть слишком холодным. Это должно быть ‘как раз, таким как надо!’ Нельзя делать такие большие капиталовложения без долгосрочного планирования. Пока мы старались решить эти интересные проблемы, мы должны были гарантировать, что наш технологический план будет также включать решения для коммерческих и эксплуатационных проблем, с которыми нам также приходилось сталкиваться.
    Давайте рассмотрим наш проект дата-центра четвертого поколения

    Are you ready for some great visuals? Check out this video at Soapbox. Click here for the Microsoft 4th Gen Video.

    It’s a concept video that came out of my Data Center Research and Engineering team, under Daniel Costello, that will give you a view into what we think is the future.

    From a configuration, construct-ability and time to market perspective, our primary goals and objectives are to modularize the whole data center. Not just the server side (like the Chicago facility), but the mechanical and electrical space as well. This means using the same kind of parts in pre-manufactured modules, the ability to use containers, skids, or rack-based deployments and the ability to tailor the Redundancy and Reliability requirements to the application at a very specific level.


    Посмотрите это видео, перейдите по ссылке для просмотра видео о Microsoft 4th Gen:

    Это концептуальное видео, созданное командой отдела Data Center Research and Engineering, возглавляемого Дэниелом Костелло, которое даст вам наше представление о будущем.

    С точки зрения конфигурации, строительной технологичности и времени вывода на рынок, нашими главными целями и задачами агрегатирование всего дата-центра. Не только серверную часть, как дата-центр в Чикаго, но также системы охлаждения и электрические системы. Это означает применение деталей одного типа в сборных модулях, возможность использования контейнеров, салазок, или стоечных систем, а также возможность подстраивать требования избыточности и надежности для данного приложения на очень специфичном уровне.

    Our goals from a cost perspective were simple in concept but tough to deliver. First and foremost, we had to reduce the capital cost per critical Mega Watt by the class of use. Some applications can run with N-level redundancy in the infrastructure, others require a little more infrastructure for support. These different classes of infrastructure requirements meant that optimizing for all cost classes was paramount. At Microsoft, we are not a one trick pony and have many Online products and services (240+) that require different levels of operational support. We understand that and ensured that we addressed it in our design which will allow us to reduce capital costs by 20%-40% or greater depending upon class.


    Нашими целями в области затрат были концептуально простыми, но трудно реализуемыми. В первую очередь мы должны были снизить капитальные затраты в пересчете на один мегаватт, в зависимости от класса резервирования. Некоторые приложения могут вполне работать на базе инфраструктуры с резервированием на уровне N, то есть без резервирования, а для работы других приложений требуется больше инфраструктуры. Эти разные классы требований инфраструктуры подразумевали, что оптимизация всех классов затрат имеет преобладающее значение. В Майкрософт мы не ограничиваемся одним решением и располагаем большим количеством интерактивных продуктов и сервисов (240+), которым требуются разные уровни эксплуатационной поддержки. Мы понимаем это, и учитываем это в своем проекте, который позволит нам сокращать капитальные затраты на 20%-40% или более в зависимости от класса.

    For example, non-critical or geo redundant applications have low hardware reliability requirements on a location basis. As a result, Gen 4 can be configured to provide stripped down, low-cost infrastructure with little or no redundancy and/or temperature control. Let’s say an Online service team decides that due to the dramatically lower cost, they will simply use uncontrolled outside air with temperatures ranging 10-35 C and 20-80% RH. The reality is we are already spec-ing this for all of our servers today and working with server vendors to broaden that range even further as Gen 4 becomes a reality. For this class of infrastructure, we eliminate generators, chillers, UPSs, and possibly lower costs relative to traditional infrastructure.

    Например, некритичные или гео-избыточные системы имеют низкие требования к аппаратной надежности на основе местоположения. В результате этого, Gen 4 можно конфигурировать для упрощенной, недорогой инфраструктуры с низким уровнем (или вообще без резервирования) резервирования и / или температурного контроля. Скажем, команда интерактивного сервиса решает, что, в связи с намного меньшими затратами, они будут просто использовать некондиционированный наружный воздух с температурой 10-35°C и влажностью 20-80% RH. В реальности мы уже сегодня предъявляем эти требования к своим серверам и работаем с поставщиками серверов над еще большим расширением диапазона температур, так как наш модуль и подход Gen 4 становится реальностью. Для подобного класса инфраструктуры мы удаляем генераторы, чиллеры, ИБП, и, возможно, будем предлагать более низкие затраты, по сравнению с традиционной инфраструктурой.

    Applications that demand higher level of redundancy or temperature control will use configurations of Gen 4 to meet those needs, however, they will also cost more (but still less than traditional data centers). We see this cost difference driving engineering behavioral change in that we predict more applications will drive towards Geo redundancy to lower costs.

    Системы, которым требуется более высокий уровень резервирования или температурного контроля, будут использовать конфигурации Gen 4, отвечающие этим требованиям, однако, они будут также стоить больше. Но все равно они будут стоить меньше, чем традиционные дата-центры. Мы предвидим, что эти различия в затратах будут вызывать изменения в методах инжиниринга, и по нашим прогнозам, это будет выражаться в переходе все большего числа систем на гео-избыточность и меньшие затраты.

    Another cool thing about Gen 4 is that it allows us to deploy capacity when our demand dictates it. Once finalized, we will no longer need to make large upfront investments. Imagine driving capital costs more closely in-line with actual demand, thus greatly reducing time-to-market and adding the capacity Online inherent in the design. Also reduced is the amount of construction labor required to put these “building blocks” together. Since the entire platform requires pre-manufacture of its core components, on-site construction costs are lowered. This allows us to maximize our return on invested capital.

    Еще одно достоинство Gen 4 состоит в том, что он позволяет нам разворачивать дополнительные мощности, когда нам это необходимо. Как только мы закончим проект, нам больше не нужно будет делать большие начальные капиталовложения. Представьте себе возможность более точного согласования капитальных затрат с реальными требованиями, и тем самым значительного снижения времени вывода на рынок и интерактивного добавления мощностей, предусматриваемого проектом. Также снижен объем строительных работ, требуемых для сборки этих “строительных блоков”. Поскольку вся платформа требует предварительного изготовления ее базовых компонентов, затраты на сборку также снижены. Это позволит нам увеличить до максимума окупаемость своих капиталовложений.
    Мы все подвергаем сомнению

    In our design process, we questioned everything. You may notice there is no roof and some might be uncomfortable with this. We explored the need of one and throughout our research we got some surprising (positive) results that showed one wasn’t needed.

    В своем процессе проектирования мы все подвергаем сомнению. Вы, наверное, обратили внимание на отсутствие крыши, и некоторым специалистам это могло не понравиться. Мы изучили необходимость в крыше и в ходе своих исследований получили удивительные результаты, которые показали, что крыша не нужна.
    Серийное производство дата центров


    In short, we are striving to bring Henry Ford’s Model T factory to the data center. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford#Model_T. Gen 4 will move data centers from a custom design and build model to a commoditized manufacturing approach. We intend to have our components built in factories and then assemble them in one location (the data center site) very quickly. Think about how a computer, car or plane is built today. Components are manufactured by different companies all over the world to a predefined spec and then integrated in one location based on demands and feature requirements. And just like Henry Ford’s assembly line drove the cost of building and the time-to-market down dramatically for the automobile industry, we expect Gen 4 to do the same for data centers. Everything will be pre-manufactured and assembled on the pad.

    Мы хотим применить модель автомобильной фабрики Генри Форда к дата-центру. Проект Gen 4 будет способствовать переходу от модели специализированного проектирования и строительства к товарно-производственному, серийному подходу. Мы намерены изготавливать свои компоненты на заводах, а затем очень быстро собирать их в одном месте, в месте строительства дата-центра. Подумайте о том, как сегодня изготавливается компьютер, автомобиль или самолет. Компоненты изготавливаются по заранее определенным спецификациям разными компаниями во всем мире, затем собираются в одном месте на основе спроса и требуемых характеристик. И точно так же как сборочный конвейер Генри Форда привел к значительному уменьшению затрат на производство и времени вывода на рынок в автомобильной промышленности, мы надеемся, что Gen 4 сделает то же самое для дата-центров. Все будет предварительно изготавливаться и собираться на месте.
    Невероятно энергоэффективный ЦОД


    And did we mention that this platform will be, overall, incredibly energy efficient? From a total energy perspective not only will we have remarkable PUE values, but the total cost of energy going into the facility will be greatly reduced as well. How much energy goes into making concrete? Will we need as much of it? How much energy goes into the fuel of the construction vehicles? This will also be greatly reduced! A key driver is our goal to achieve an average PUE at or below 1.125 by 2012 across our data centers. More than that, we are on a mission to reduce the overall amount of copper and water used in these facilities. We believe these will be the next areas of industry attention when and if the energy problem is solved. So we are asking today…“how can we build a data center with less building”?

    А мы упоминали, что эта платформа будет, в общем, невероятно энергоэффективной? С точки зрения общей энергии, мы получим не только поразительные значения PUE, но общая стоимость энергии, затраченной на объект будет также значительно снижена. Сколько энергии идет на производство бетона? Нам нужно будет столько энергии? Сколько энергии идет на питание инженерных строительных машин? Это тоже будет значительно снижено! Главным стимулом является достижение среднего PUE не больше 1.125 для всех наших дата-центров к 2012 году. Более того, у нас есть задача сокращения общего количества меди и воды в дата-центрах. Мы думаем, что эти задачи станут следующей заботой отрасли после того как будет решена энергетическая проблема. Итак, сегодня мы спрашиваем себя…“как можно построить дата-центр с меньшим объемом строительных работ”?
    Строительство дата центров без чиллеров

    We have talked openly and publicly about building chiller-less data centers and running our facilities using aggressive outside economization. Our sincerest hope is that Gen 4 will completely eliminate the use of water. Today’s data centers use massive amounts of water and we see water as the next scarce resource and have decided to take a proactive stance on making water conservation part of our plan.

    Мы открыто и публично говорили о строительстве дата-центров без чиллеров и активном использовании в наших центрах обработки данных технологий свободного охлаждения или фрикулинга. Мы искренне надеемся, что Gen 4 позволит полностью отказаться от использования воды. Современные дата-центры расходуют большие объемы воды и так как мы считаем воду следующим редким ресурсом, мы решили принять упреждающие меры и включить экономию воды в свой план.

    By sharing this with the industry, we believe everyone can benefit from our methodology. While this concept and approach may be intimidating (or downright frightening) to some in the industry, disclosure ultimately is better for all of us.

    Делясь этим опытом с отраслью, мы считаем, что каждый сможет извлечь выгоду из нашей методологией. Хотя эта концепция и подход могут показаться пугающими (или откровенно страшными) для некоторых отраслевых специалистов, раскрывая свои планы мы, в конечном счете, делаем лучше для всех нас.

    Gen 4 design (even more than just containers), could reduce the ‘religious’ debates in our industry. With the central spine infrastructure in place, containers or pre-manufactured server halls can be either AC or DC, air-side economized or water-side economized, or not economized at all (though the sanity of that might be questioned). Gen 4 will allow us to decommission, repair and upgrade quickly because everything is modular. No longer will we be governed by the initial decisions made when constructing the facility. We will have almost unlimited use and re-use of the facility and site. We will also be able to use power in an ultra-fluid fashion moving load from critical to non-critical as use and capacity requirements dictate.

    Проект Gen 4 позволит уменьшить ‘религиозные’ споры в нашей отрасли. Располагая базовой инфраструктурой, контейнеры или сборные серверные могут оборудоваться системами переменного или постоянного тока, воздушными или водяными экономайзерами, или вообще не использовать экономайзеры. Хотя можно подвергать сомнению разумность такого решения. Gen 4 позволит нам быстро выполнять работы по выводу из эксплуатации, ремонту и модернизации, поскольку все будет модульным. Мы больше не будем руководствоваться начальными решениями, принятыми во время строительства дата-центра. Мы сможем использовать этот дата-центр и инфраструктуру в течение почти неограниченного периода времени. Мы также сможем применять сверхгибкие методы использования электрической энергии, переводя оборудование в режимы критической или некритической нагрузки в соответствии с требуемой мощностью.
    Gen 4 – это стандартная платформа

    Finally, we believe this is a big game changer. Gen 4 will provide a standard platform that our industry can innovate around. For example, all modules in our Gen 4 will have common interfaces clearly defined by our specs and any vendor that meets these specifications will be able to plug into our infrastructure. Whether you are a computer vendor, UPS vendor, generator vendor, etc., you will be able to plug and play into our infrastructure. This means we can also source anyone, anywhere on the globe to minimize costs and maximize performance. We want to help motivate the industry to further innovate—with innovations from which everyone can reap the benefits.

    Наконец, мы уверены, что это будет фактором, который значительно изменит ситуацию. Gen 4 будет представлять собой стандартную платформу, которую отрасль сможет обновлять. Например, все модули в нашем Gen 4 будут иметь общепринятые интерфейсы, четко определяемые нашими спецификациями, и оборудование любого поставщика, которое отвечает этим спецификациям можно будет включать в нашу инфраструктуру. Независимо от того производите вы компьютеры, ИБП, генераторы и т.п., вы сможете включать свое оборудование нашу инфраструктуру. Это означает, что мы также сможем обеспечивать всех, в любом месте земного шара, тем самым сводя до минимума затраты и максимальной увеличивая производительность. Мы хотим создать в отрасли мотивацию для дальнейших инноваций – инноваций, от которых каждый сможет получать выгоду.
    Главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen4

    To summarize, the key characteristics of our Generation 4 data centers are:

    Scalable
    Plug-and-play spine infrastructure
    Factory pre-assembled: Pre-Assembled Containers (PACs) & Pre-Manufactured Buildings (PMBs)
    Rapid deployment
    De-mountable
    Reduce TTM
    Reduced construction
    Sustainable measures

    Ниже приведены главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen 4:

    Расширяемость;
    Готовая к использованию базовая инфраструктура;
    Изготовление в заводских условиях: сборные контейнеры (PAC) и сборные здания (PMB);
    Быстрота развертывания;
    Возможность демонтажа;
    Снижение времени вывода на рынок (TTM);
    Сокращение сроков строительства;
    Экологичность;

    Map applications to DC Class

    We hope you join us on this incredible journey of change and innovation!

    Long hours of research and engineering time are invested into this process. There are still some long days and nights ahead, but the vision is clear. Rest assured however, that we as refine Generation 4, the team will soon be looking to Generation 5 (even if it is a bit farther out). There is always room to get better.


    Использование систем электропитания постоянного тока.

    Мы надеемся, что вы присоединитесь к нам в этом невероятном путешествии по миру изменений и инноваций!

    На этот проект уже потрачены долгие часы исследований и проектирования. И еще предстоит потратить много дней и ночей, но мы имеем четкое представление о конечной цели. Однако будьте уверены, что как только мы доведем до конца проект модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения, мы вскоре начнем думать о проекте дата-центра пятого поколения. Всегда есть возможность для улучшений.

    So if you happen to come across Goldilocks in the forest, and you are curious as to why she is smiling you will know that she feels very good about getting very close to ‘JUST RIGHT’.

    Generations of Evolution – some background on our data center designs

    Так что, если вы встретите в лесу девочку по имени Лютик, и вам станет любопытно, почему она улыбается, вы будете знать, что она очень довольна тем, что очень близко подошла к ‘ОПИМАЛЬНОМУ РЕШЕНИЮ’.
    Поколения эволюции – история развития наших дата-центров

    We thought you might be interested in understanding what happened in the first three generations of our data center designs. When Ray Ozzie wrote his Software plus Services memo it posed a very interesting challenge to us. The winds of change were at ‘tornado’ proportions. That “plus Services” tag had some significant (and unstated) challenges inherent to it. The first was that Microsoft was going to evolve even further into an operations company. While we had been running large scale Internet services since 1995, this development lead us to an entirely new level. Additionally, these “services” would span across both Internet and Enterprise businesses. To those of you who have to operate “stuff”, you know that these are two very different worlds in operational models and challenges. It also meant that, to achieve the same level of reliability and performance required our infrastructure was going to have to scale globally and in a significant way.

    Мы подумали, что может быть вам будет интересно узнать историю первых трех поколений наших центров обработки данных. Когда Рэй Оззи написал свою памятную записку Software plus Services, он поставил перед нами очень интересную задачу. Ветра перемен двигались с ураганной скоростью. Это окончание “plus Services” скрывало в себе какие-то значительные и неопределенные задачи. Первая заключалась в том, что Майкрософт собиралась в еще большей степени стать операционной компанией. Несмотря на то, что мы управляли большими интернет-сервисами, начиная с 1995 г., эта разработка подняла нас на абсолютно новый уровень. Кроме того, эти “сервисы” охватывали интернет-компании и корпорации. Тем, кому приходится всем этим управлять, известно, что есть два очень разных мира в области операционных моделей и задач. Это также означало, что для достижения такого же уровня надежности и производительности требовалось, чтобы наша инфраструктура располагала значительными возможностями расширения в глобальных масштабах.

    It was that intense atmosphere of change that we first started re-evaluating data center technology and processes in general and our ideas began to reach farther than what was accepted by the industry at large. This was the era of Generation 1. As we look at where most of the world’s data centers are today (and where our facilities were), it represented all the known learning and design requirements that had been in place since IBM built the first purpose-built computer room. These facilities focused more around uptime, reliability and redundancy. Big infrastructure was held accountable to solve all potential environmental shortfalls. This is where the majority of infrastructure in the industry still is today.

    Именно в этой атмосфере серьезных изменений мы впервые начали переоценку ЦОД-технологий и технологий вообще, и наши идеи начали выходить за пределы общепринятых в отрасли представлений. Это была эпоха ЦОД первого поколения. Когда мы узнали, где сегодня располагается большинство мировых дата-центров и где находятся наши предприятия, это представляло весь опыт и навыки проектирования, накопленные со времени, когда IBM построила первую серверную. В этих ЦОД больше внимания уделялось бесперебойной работе, надежности и резервированию. Большая инфраструктура была призвана решать все потенциальные экологические проблемы. Сегодня большая часть инфраструктуры все еще находится на этом этапе своего развития.

    We soon realized that traditional data centers were quickly becoming outdated. They were not keeping up with the demands of what was happening technologically and environmentally. That’s when we kicked off our Generation 2 design. Gen 2 facilities started taking into account sustainability, energy efficiency, and really looking at the total cost of energy and operations.

    Очень быстро мы поняли, что стандартные дата-центры очень быстро становятся устаревшими. Они не поспевали за темпами изменений технологических и экологических требований. Именно тогда мы стали разрабатывать ЦОД второго поколения. В этих дата-центрах Gen 2 стали принимать во внимание такие факторы как устойчивое развитие, энергетическая эффективность, а также общие энергетические и эксплуатационные.

    No longer did we view data centers just for the upfront capital costs, but we took a hard look at the facility over the course of its life. Our Quincy, Washington and San Antonio, Texas facilities are examples of our Gen 2 data centers where we explored and implemented new ways to lessen the impact on the environment. These facilities are considered two leading industry examples, based on their energy efficiency and ability to run and operate at new levels of scale and performance by leveraging clean hydro power (Quincy) and recycled waste water (San Antonio) to cool the facility during peak cooling months.

    Мы больше не рассматривали дата-центры только с точки зрения начальных капитальных затрат, а внимательно следили за работой ЦОД на протяжении его срока службы. Наши объекты в Куинси, Вашингтоне, и Сан-Антонио, Техас, являются образцами наших ЦОД второго поколения, в которых мы изучали и применяли на практике новые способы снижения воздействия на окружающую среду. Эти объекты считаются двумя ведущими отраслевыми примерами, исходя из их энергетической эффективности и способности работать на новых уровнях производительности, основанных на использовании чистой энергии воды (Куинси) и рециклирования отработанной воды (Сан-Антонио) для охлаждения объекта в самых жарких месяцах.

    As we were delivering our Gen 2 facilities into steel and concrete, our Generation 3 facilities were rapidly driving the evolution of the program. The key concepts for our Gen 3 design are increased modularity and greater concentration around energy efficiency and scale. The Gen 3 facility will be best represented by the Chicago, Illinois facility currently under construction. This facility will seem very foreign compared to the traditional data center concepts most of the industry is comfortable with. In fact, if you ever sit around in our container hanger in Chicago it will look incredibly different from a traditional raised-floor data center. We anticipate this modularization will drive huge efficiencies in terms of cost and operations for our business. We will also introduce significant changes in the environmental systems used to run our facilities. These concepts and processes (where applicable) will help us gain even greater efficiencies in our existing footprint, allowing us to further maximize infrastructure investments.

    Так как наши ЦОД второго поколения строились из стали и бетона, наши центры обработки данных третьего поколения начали их быстро вытеснять. Главными концептуальными особенностями ЦОД третьего поколения Gen 3 являются повышенная модульность и большее внимание к энергетической эффективности и масштабированию. Дата-центры третьего поколения лучше всего представлены объектом, который в настоящее время строится в Чикаго, Иллинойс. Этот ЦОД будет выглядеть очень необычно, по сравнению с общепринятыми в отрасли представлениями о дата-центре. Действительно, если вам когда-либо удастся побывать в нашем контейнерном ангаре в Чикаго, он покажется вам совершенно непохожим на обычный дата-центр с фальшполом. Мы предполагаем, что этот модульный подход будет способствовать значительному повышению эффективности нашего бизнеса в отношении затрат и операций. Мы также внесем существенные изменения в климатические системы, используемые в наших ЦОД. Эти концепции и технологии, если применимо, позволят нам добиться еще большей эффективности наших существующих дата-центров, и тем самым еще больше увеличивать капиталовложения в инфраструктуру.

    This is definitely a journey, not a destination industry. In fact, our Generation 4 design has been under heavy engineering for viability and cost for over a year. While the demand of our commercial growth required us to make investments as we grew, we treated each step in the learning as a process for further innovation in data centers. The design for our future Gen 4 facilities enabled us to make visionary advances that addressed the challenges of building, running, and operating facilities all in one concerted effort.

    Это определенно путешествие, а не конечный пункт назначения. На самом деле, наш проект ЦОД четвертого поколения подвергался серьезным испытаниям на жизнеспособность и затраты на протяжении целого года. Хотя необходимость в коммерческом росте требовала от нас постоянных капиталовложений, мы рассматривали каждый этап своего развития как шаг к будущим инновациям в области дата-центров. Проект наших будущих ЦОД четвертого поколения Gen 4 позволил нам делать фантастические предположения, которые касались задач строительства, управления и эксплуатации объектов как единого упорядоченного процесса.

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    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

  • 9 modular data center

    1. модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

     

    модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)
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    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    [ http://loosebolts.wordpress.com/2008/12/02/our-vision-for-generation-4-modular-data-centers-one-way-of-getting-it-just-right/]

    [ http://dcnt.ru/?p=9299#more-9299]

    Data Centers are a hot topic these days. No matter where you look, this once obscure aspect of infrastructure is getting a lot of attention. For years, there have been cost pressures on IT operations and this, when the need for modern capacity is greater than ever, has thrust data centers into the spotlight. Server and rack density continues to rise, placing DC professionals and businesses in tighter and tougher situations while they struggle to manage their IT environments. And now hyper-scale cloud infrastructure is taking traditional technologies to limits never explored before and focusing the imagination of the IT industry on new possibilities.

    В настоящее время центры обработки данных являются широко обсуждаемой темой. Куда ни посмотришь, этот некогда малоизвестный аспект инфраструктуры привлекает все больше внимания. Годами ИТ-отделы испытывали нехватку средств и это выдвинуло ЦОДы в центр внимания, в то время, когда необходимость в современных ЦОДах стала как никогда высокой. Плотность серверов и стоек продолжают расти, все больше усложняя ситуацию для специалистов в области охлаждения и организаций в их попытках управлять своими ИТ-средами. И теперь гипермасштабируемая облачная инфраструктура подвергает традиционные технологии невиданным ранее нагрузкам, и заставляет ИТ-индустрию искать новые возможности.

    At Microsoft, we have focused a lot of thought and research around how to best operate and maintain our global infrastructure and we want to share those learnings. While obviously there are some aspects that we keep to ourselves, we have shared how we operate facilities daily, our technologies and methodologies, and, most importantly, how we monitor and manage our facilities. Whether it’s speaking at industry events, inviting customers to our “Microsoft data center conferences” held in our data centers, or through other media like blogging and white papers, we believe sharing best practices is paramount and will drive the industry forward. So in that vein, we have some interesting news to share.

    В компании MicroSoft уделяют большое внимание изучению наилучших методов эксплуатации и технического обслуживания своей глобальной инфраструктуры и делятся результатами своих исследований. И хотя мы, конечно, не раскрываем некоторые аспекты своих исследований, мы делимся повседневным опытом эксплуатации дата-центров, своими технологиями и методологиями и, что важнее всего, методами контроля и управления своими объектами. Будь то доклады на отраслевых событиях, приглашение клиентов на наши конференции, которые посвящены центрам обработки данных MicroSoft, и проводятся в этих самых дата-центрах, или использование других средств, например, блоги и спецификации, мы уверены, что обмен передовым опытом имеет первостепенное значение и будет продвигать отрасль вперед.

    Today we are sharing our Generation 4 Modular Data Center plan. This is our vision and will be the foundation of our cloud data center infrastructure in the next five years. We believe it is one of the most revolutionary changes to happen to data centers in the last 30 years. Joining me, in writing this blog are Daniel Costello, my director of Data Center Research and Engineering and Christian Belady, principal power and cooling architect. I feel their voices will add significant value to driving understanding around the many benefits included in this new design paradigm.

    Сейчас мы хотим поделиться своим планом модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения. Это наше видение и оно будет основанием для инфраструктуры наших облачных дата-центров в ближайшие пять лет. Мы считаем, что это одно из самых революционных изменений в дата-центрах за последние 30 лет. Вместе со мной в написании этого блога участвовали Дэниел Костелло, директор по исследованиям и инжинирингу дата-центров, и Кристиан Белади, главный архитектор систем энергоснабжения и охлаждения. Мне кажется, что их авторитет придаст больше веса большому количеству преимуществ, включенных в эту новую парадигму проектирования.

    Our “Gen 4” modular data centers will take the flexibility of containerized servers—like those in our Chicago data center—and apply it across the entire facility. So what do we mean by modular? Think of it like “building blocks”, where the data center will be composed of modular units of prefabricated mechanical, electrical, security components, etc., in addition to containerized servers.

    Was there a key driver for the Generation 4 Data Center?

    Наши модульные дата-центры “Gen 4” будут гибкими с контейнерами серверов – как серверы в нашем чикагском дата-центре. И гибкость будет применяться ко всему ЦОД. Итак, что мы подразумеваем под модульностью? Мы думаем о ней как о “строительных блоках”, где дата-центр будет состоять из модульных блоков изготовленных в заводских условиях электрических систем и систем охлаждения, а также систем безопасности и т.п., в дополнение к контейнеризованным серверам.
    Был ли ключевой стимул для разработки дата-центра четвертого поколения?


    If we were to summarize the promise of our Gen 4 design into a single sentence it would be something like this: “A highly modular, scalable, efficient, just-in-time data center capacity program that can be delivered anywhere in the world very quickly and cheaply, while allowing for continued growth as required.” Sounds too good to be true, doesn’t it? Well, keep in mind that these concepts have been in initial development and prototyping for over a year and are based on cumulative knowledge of previous facility generations and the advances we have made since we began our investments in earnest on this new design.

    Если бы нам нужно было обобщить достоинства нашего проекта Gen 4 в одном предложении, это выглядело бы следующим образом: “Центр обработки данных с высоким уровнем модульности, расширяемости, и энергетической эффективности, а также возможностью постоянного расширения, в случае необходимости, который можно очень быстро и дешево развертывать в любом месте мира”. Звучит слишком хорошо для того чтобы быть правдой, не так ли? Ну, не забывайте, что эти концепции находились в процессе начальной разработки и создания опытного образца в течение более одного года и основываются на опыте, накопленном в ходе развития предыдущих поколений ЦОД, а также успехах, сделанных нами со времени, когда мы начали вкладывать серьезные средства в этот новый проект.

    One of the biggest challenges we’ve had at Microsoft is something Mike likes to call the ‘Goldilock’s Problem’. In a nutshell, the problem can be stated as:

    The worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is not have enough capacity online, thus limiting the growth of our products and services.

    Одну из самых больших проблем, с которыми приходилось сталкиваться Майкрософт, Майк любит называть ‘Проблемой Лютика’. Вкратце, эту проблему можно выразить следующим образом:

    Самое худшее, что может быть при строительстве ЦОД для бизнеса, это не располагать достаточными производственными мощностями, и тем самым ограничивать рост наших продуктов и сервисов.

    The second worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is to have too much capacity online.

    А вторым самым худшим моментом в этой сфере может слишком большое количество производственных мощностей.

    This has led to a focus on smart, intelligent growth for the business — refining our overall demand picture. It can’t be too hot. It can’t be too cold. It has to be ‘Just Right!’ The capital dollars of investment are too large to make without long term planning. As we struggled to master these interesting challenges, we had to ensure that our technological plan also included solutions for the business and operational challenges we faced as well.
    So let’s take a high level look at our Generation 4 design

    Это заставило нас сосредоточиваться на интеллектуальном росте для бизнеса — refining our overall demand picture. Это не должно быть слишком горячим. И это не должно быть слишком холодным. Это должно быть ‘как раз, таким как надо!’ Нельзя делать такие большие капиталовложения без долгосрочного планирования. Пока мы старались решить эти интересные проблемы, мы должны были гарантировать, что наш технологический план будет также включать решения для коммерческих и эксплуатационных проблем, с которыми нам также приходилось сталкиваться.
    Давайте рассмотрим наш проект дата-центра четвертого поколения

    Are you ready for some great visuals? Check out this video at Soapbox. Click here for the Microsoft 4th Gen Video.

    It’s a concept video that came out of my Data Center Research and Engineering team, under Daniel Costello, that will give you a view into what we think is the future.

    From a configuration, construct-ability and time to market perspective, our primary goals and objectives are to modularize the whole data center. Not just the server side (like the Chicago facility), but the mechanical and electrical space as well. This means using the same kind of parts in pre-manufactured modules, the ability to use containers, skids, or rack-based deployments and the ability to tailor the Redundancy and Reliability requirements to the application at a very specific level.


    Посмотрите это видео, перейдите по ссылке для просмотра видео о Microsoft 4th Gen:

    Это концептуальное видео, созданное командой отдела Data Center Research and Engineering, возглавляемого Дэниелом Костелло, которое даст вам наше представление о будущем.

    С точки зрения конфигурации, строительной технологичности и времени вывода на рынок, нашими главными целями и задачами агрегатирование всего дата-центра. Не только серверную часть, как дата-центр в Чикаго, но также системы охлаждения и электрические системы. Это означает применение деталей одного типа в сборных модулях, возможность использования контейнеров, салазок, или стоечных систем, а также возможность подстраивать требования избыточности и надежности для данного приложения на очень специфичном уровне.

    Our goals from a cost perspective were simple in concept but tough to deliver. First and foremost, we had to reduce the capital cost per critical Mega Watt by the class of use. Some applications can run with N-level redundancy in the infrastructure, others require a little more infrastructure for support. These different classes of infrastructure requirements meant that optimizing for all cost classes was paramount. At Microsoft, we are not a one trick pony and have many Online products and services (240+) that require different levels of operational support. We understand that and ensured that we addressed it in our design which will allow us to reduce capital costs by 20%-40% or greater depending upon class.


    Нашими целями в области затрат были концептуально простыми, но трудно реализуемыми. В первую очередь мы должны были снизить капитальные затраты в пересчете на один мегаватт, в зависимости от класса резервирования. Некоторые приложения могут вполне работать на базе инфраструктуры с резервированием на уровне N, то есть без резервирования, а для работы других приложений требуется больше инфраструктуры. Эти разные классы требований инфраструктуры подразумевали, что оптимизация всех классов затрат имеет преобладающее значение. В Майкрософт мы не ограничиваемся одним решением и располагаем большим количеством интерактивных продуктов и сервисов (240+), которым требуются разные уровни эксплуатационной поддержки. Мы понимаем это, и учитываем это в своем проекте, который позволит нам сокращать капитальные затраты на 20%-40% или более в зависимости от класса.

    For example, non-critical or geo redundant applications have low hardware reliability requirements on a location basis. As a result, Gen 4 can be configured to provide stripped down, low-cost infrastructure with little or no redundancy and/or temperature control. Let’s say an Online service team decides that due to the dramatically lower cost, they will simply use uncontrolled outside air with temperatures ranging 10-35 C and 20-80% RH. The reality is we are already spec-ing this for all of our servers today and working with server vendors to broaden that range even further as Gen 4 becomes a reality. For this class of infrastructure, we eliminate generators, chillers, UPSs, and possibly lower costs relative to traditional infrastructure.

    Например, некритичные или гео-избыточные системы имеют низкие требования к аппаратной надежности на основе местоположения. В результате этого, Gen 4 можно конфигурировать для упрощенной, недорогой инфраструктуры с низким уровнем (или вообще без резервирования) резервирования и / или температурного контроля. Скажем, команда интерактивного сервиса решает, что, в связи с намного меньшими затратами, они будут просто использовать некондиционированный наружный воздух с температурой 10-35°C и влажностью 20-80% RH. В реальности мы уже сегодня предъявляем эти требования к своим серверам и работаем с поставщиками серверов над еще большим расширением диапазона температур, так как наш модуль и подход Gen 4 становится реальностью. Для подобного класса инфраструктуры мы удаляем генераторы, чиллеры, ИБП, и, возможно, будем предлагать более низкие затраты, по сравнению с традиционной инфраструктурой.

    Applications that demand higher level of redundancy or temperature control will use configurations of Gen 4 to meet those needs, however, they will also cost more (but still less than traditional data centers). We see this cost difference driving engineering behavioral change in that we predict more applications will drive towards Geo redundancy to lower costs.

    Системы, которым требуется более высокий уровень резервирования или температурного контроля, будут использовать конфигурации Gen 4, отвечающие этим требованиям, однако, они будут также стоить больше. Но все равно они будут стоить меньше, чем традиционные дата-центры. Мы предвидим, что эти различия в затратах будут вызывать изменения в методах инжиниринга, и по нашим прогнозам, это будет выражаться в переходе все большего числа систем на гео-избыточность и меньшие затраты.

    Another cool thing about Gen 4 is that it allows us to deploy capacity when our demand dictates it. Once finalized, we will no longer need to make large upfront investments. Imagine driving capital costs more closely in-line with actual demand, thus greatly reducing time-to-market and adding the capacity Online inherent in the design. Also reduced is the amount of construction labor required to put these “building blocks” together. Since the entire platform requires pre-manufacture of its core components, on-site construction costs are lowered. This allows us to maximize our return on invested capital.

    Еще одно достоинство Gen 4 состоит в том, что он позволяет нам разворачивать дополнительные мощности, когда нам это необходимо. Как только мы закончим проект, нам больше не нужно будет делать большие начальные капиталовложения. Представьте себе возможность более точного согласования капитальных затрат с реальными требованиями, и тем самым значительного снижения времени вывода на рынок и интерактивного добавления мощностей, предусматриваемого проектом. Также снижен объем строительных работ, требуемых для сборки этих “строительных блоков”. Поскольку вся платформа требует предварительного изготовления ее базовых компонентов, затраты на сборку также снижены. Это позволит нам увеличить до максимума окупаемость своих капиталовложений.
    Мы все подвергаем сомнению

    In our design process, we questioned everything. You may notice there is no roof and some might be uncomfortable with this. We explored the need of one and throughout our research we got some surprising (positive) results that showed one wasn’t needed.

    В своем процессе проектирования мы все подвергаем сомнению. Вы, наверное, обратили внимание на отсутствие крыши, и некоторым специалистам это могло не понравиться. Мы изучили необходимость в крыше и в ходе своих исследований получили удивительные результаты, которые показали, что крыша не нужна.
    Серийное производство дата центров


    In short, we are striving to bring Henry Ford’s Model T factory to the data center. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford#Model_T. Gen 4 will move data centers from a custom design and build model to a commoditized manufacturing approach. We intend to have our components built in factories and then assemble them in one location (the data center site) very quickly. Think about how a computer, car or plane is built today. Components are manufactured by different companies all over the world to a predefined spec and then integrated in one location based on demands and feature requirements. And just like Henry Ford’s assembly line drove the cost of building and the time-to-market down dramatically for the automobile industry, we expect Gen 4 to do the same for data centers. Everything will be pre-manufactured and assembled on the pad.

    Мы хотим применить модель автомобильной фабрики Генри Форда к дата-центру. Проект Gen 4 будет способствовать переходу от модели специализированного проектирования и строительства к товарно-производственному, серийному подходу. Мы намерены изготавливать свои компоненты на заводах, а затем очень быстро собирать их в одном месте, в месте строительства дата-центра. Подумайте о том, как сегодня изготавливается компьютер, автомобиль или самолет. Компоненты изготавливаются по заранее определенным спецификациям разными компаниями во всем мире, затем собираются в одном месте на основе спроса и требуемых характеристик. И точно так же как сборочный конвейер Генри Форда привел к значительному уменьшению затрат на производство и времени вывода на рынок в автомобильной промышленности, мы надеемся, что Gen 4 сделает то же самое для дата-центров. Все будет предварительно изготавливаться и собираться на месте.
    Невероятно энергоэффективный ЦОД


    And did we mention that this platform will be, overall, incredibly energy efficient? From a total energy perspective not only will we have remarkable PUE values, but the total cost of energy going into the facility will be greatly reduced as well. How much energy goes into making concrete? Will we need as much of it? How much energy goes into the fuel of the construction vehicles? This will also be greatly reduced! A key driver is our goal to achieve an average PUE at or below 1.125 by 2012 across our data centers. More than that, we are on a mission to reduce the overall amount of copper and water used in these facilities. We believe these will be the next areas of industry attention when and if the energy problem is solved. So we are asking today…“how can we build a data center with less building”?

    А мы упоминали, что эта платформа будет, в общем, невероятно энергоэффективной? С точки зрения общей энергии, мы получим не только поразительные значения PUE, но общая стоимость энергии, затраченной на объект будет также значительно снижена. Сколько энергии идет на производство бетона? Нам нужно будет столько энергии? Сколько энергии идет на питание инженерных строительных машин? Это тоже будет значительно снижено! Главным стимулом является достижение среднего PUE не больше 1.125 для всех наших дата-центров к 2012 году. Более того, у нас есть задача сокращения общего количества меди и воды в дата-центрах. Мы думаем, что эти задачи станут следующей заботой отрасли после того как будет решена энергетическая проблема. Итак, сегодня мы спрашиваем себя…“как можно построить дата-центр с меньшим объемом строительных работ”?
    Строительство дата центров без чиллеров

    We have talked openly and publicly about building chiller-less data centers and running our facilities using aggressive outside economization. Our sincerest hope is that Gen 4 will completely eliminate the use of water. Today’s data centers use massive amounts of water and we see water as the next scarce resource and have decided to take a proactive stance on making water conservation part of our plan.

    Мы открыто и публично говорили о строительстве дата-центров без чиллеров и активном использовании в наших центрах обработки данных технологий свободного охлаждения или фрикулинга. Мы искренне надеемся, что Gen 4 позволит полностью отказаться от использования воды. Современные дата-центры расходуют большие объемы воды и так как мы считаем воду следующим редким ресурсом, мы решили принять упреждающие меры и включить экономию воды в свой план.

    By sharing this with the industry, we believe everyone can benefit from our methodology. While this concept and approach may be intimidating (or downright frightening) to some in the industry, disclosure ultimately is better for all of us.

    Делясь этим опытом с отраслью, мы считаем, что каждый сможет извлечь выгоду из нашей методологией. Хотя эта концепция и подход могут показаться пугающими (или откровенно страшными) для некоторых отраслевых специалистов, раскрывая свои планы мы, в конечном счете, делаем лучше для всех нас.

    Gen 4 design (even more than just containers), could reduce the ‘religious’ debates in our industry. With the central spine infrastructure in place, containers or pre-manufactured server halls can be either AC or DC, air-side economized or water-side economized, or not economized at all (though the sanity of that might be questioned). Gen 4 will allow us to decommission, repair and upgrade quickly because everything is modular. No longer will we be governed by the initial decisions made when constructing the facility. We will have almost unlimited use and re-use of the facility and site. We will also be able to use power in an ultra-fluid fashion moving load from critical to non-critical as use and capacity requirements dictate.

    Проект Gen 4 позволит уменьшить ‘религиозные’ споры в нашей отрасли. Располагая базовой инфраструктурой, контейнеры или сборные серверные могут оборудоваться системами переменного или постоянного тока, воздушными или водяными экономайзерами, или вообще не использовать экономайзеры. Хотя можно подвергать сомнению разумность такого решения. Gen 4 позволит нам быстро выполнять работы по выводу из эксплуатации, ремонту и модернизации, поскольку все будет модульным. Мы больше не будем руководствоваться начальными решениями, принятыми во время строительства дата-центра. Мы сможем использовать этот дата-центр и инфраструктуру в течение почти неограниченного периода времени. Мы также сможем применять сверхгибкие методы использования электрической энергии, переводя оборудование в режимы критической или некритической нагрузки в соответствии с требуемой мощностью.
    Gen 4 – это стандартная платформа

    Finally, we believe this is a big game changer. Gen 4 will provide a standard platform that our industry can innovate around. For example, all modules in our Gen 4 will have common interfaces clearly defined by our specs and any vendor that meets these specifications will be able to plug into our infrastructure. Whether you are a computer vendor, UPS vendor, generator vendor, etc., you will be able to plug and play into our infrastructure. This means we can also source anyone, anywhere on the globe to minimize costs and maximize performance. We want to help motivate the industry to further innovate—with innovations from which everyone can reap the benefits.

    Наконец, мы уверены, что это будет фактором, который значительно изменит ситуацию. Gen 4 будет представлять собой стандартную платформу, которую отрасль сможет обновлять. Например, все модули в нашем Gen 4 будут иметь общепринятые интерфейсы, четко определяемые нашими спецификациями, и оборудование любого поставщика, которое отвечает этим спецификациям можно будет включать в нашу инфраструктуру. Независимо от того производите вы компьютеры, ИБП, генераторы и т.п., вы сможете включать свое оборудование нашу инфраструктуру. Это означает, что мы также сможем обеспечивать всех, в любом месте земного шара, тем самым сводя до минимума затраты и максимальной увеличивая производительность. Мы хотим создать в отрасли мотивацию для дальнейших инноваций – инноваций, от которых каждый сможет получать выгоду.
    Главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen4

    To summarize, the key characteristics of our Generation 4 data centers are:

    Scalable
    Plug-and-play spine infrastructure
    Factory pre-assembled: Pre-Assembled Containers (PACs) & Pre-Manufactured Buildings (PMBs)
    Rapid deployment
    De-mountable
    Reduce TTM
    Reduced construction
    Sustainable measures

    Ниже приведены главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen 4:

    Расширяемость;
    Готовая к использованию базовая инфраструктура;
    Изготовление в заводских условиях: сборные контейнеры (PAC) и сборные здания (PMB);
    Быстрота развертывания;
    Возможность демонтажа;
    Снижение времени вывода на рынок (TTM);
    Сокращение сроков строительства;
    Экологичность;

    Map applications to DC Class

    We hope you join us on this incredible journey of change and innovation!

    Long hours of research and engineering time are invested into this process. There are still some long days and nights ahead, but the vision is clear. Rest assured however, that we as refine Generation 4, the team will soon be looking to Generation 5 (even if it is a bit farther out). There is always room to get better.


    Использование систем электропитания постоянного тока.

    Мы надеемся, что вы присоединитесь к нам в этом невероятном путешествии по миру изменений и инноваций!

    На этот проект уже потрачены долгие часы исследований и проектирования. И еще предстоит потратить много дней и ночей, но мы имеем четкое представление о конечной цели. Однако будьте уверены, что как только мы доведем до конца проект модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения, мы вскоре начнем думать о проекте дата-центра пятого поколения. Всегда есть возможность для улучшений.

    So if you happen to come across Goldilocks in the forest, and you are curious as to why she is smiling you will know that she feels very good about getting very close to ‘JUST RIGHT’.

    Generations of Evolution – some background on our data center designs

    Так что, если вы встретите в лесу девочку по имени Лютик, и вам станет любопытно, почему она улыбается, вы будете знать, что она очень довольна тем, что очень близко подошла к ‘ОПИМАЛЬНОМУ РЕШЕНИЮ’.
    Поколения эволюции – история развития наших дата-центров

    We thought you might be interested in understanding what happened in the first three generations of our data center designs. When Ray Ozzie wrote his Software plus Services memo it posed a very interesting challenge to us. The winds of change were at ‘tornado’ proportions. That “plus Services” tag had some significant (and unstated) challenges inherent to it. The first was that Microsoft was going to evolve even further into an operations company. While we had been running large scale Internet services since 1995, this development lead us to an entirely new level. Additionally, these “services” would span across both Internet and Enterprise businesses. To those of you who have to operate “stuff”, you know that these are two very different worlds in operational models and challenges. It also meant that, to achieve the same level of reliability and performance required our infrastructure was going to have to scale globally and in a significant way.

    Мы подумали, что может быть вам будет интересно узнать историю первых трех поколений наших центров обработки данных. Когда Рэй Оззи написал свою памятную записку Software plus Services, он поставил перед нами очень интересную задачу. Ветра перемен двигались с ураганной скоростью. Это окончание “plus Services” скрывало в себе какие-то значительные и неопределенные задачи. Первая заключалась в том, что Майкрософт собиралась в еще большей степени стать операционной компанией. Несмотря на то, что мы управляли большими интернет-сервисами, начиная с 1995 г., эта разработка подняла нас на абсолютно новый уровень. Кроме того, эти “сервисы” охватывали интернет-компании и корпорации. Тем, кому приходится всем этим управлять, известно, что есть два очень разных мира в области операционных моделей и задач. Это также означало, что для достижения такого же уровня надежности и производительности требовалось, чтобы наша инфраструктура располагала значительными возможностями расширения в глобальных масштабах.

    It was that intense atmosphere of change that we first started re-evaluating data center technology and processes in general and our ideas began to reach farther than what was accepted by the industry at large. This was the era of Generation 1. As we look at where most of the world’s data centers are today (and where our facilities were), it represented all the known learning and design requirements that had been in place since IBM built the first purpose-built computer room. These facilities focused more around uptime, reliability and redundancy. Big infrastructure was held accountable to solve all potential environmental shortfalls. This is where the majority of infrastructure in the industry still is today.

    Именно в этой атмосфере серьезных изменений мы впервые начали переоценку ЦОД-технологий и технологий вообще, и наши идеи начали выходить за пределы общепринятых в отрасли представлений. Это была эпоха ЦОД первого поколения. Когда мы узнали, где сегодня располагается большинство мировых дата-центров и где находятся наши предприятия, это представляло весь опыт и навыки проектирования, накопленные со времени, когда IBM построила первую серверную. В этих ЦОД больше внимания уделялось бесперебойной работе, надежности и резервированию. Большая инфраструктура была призвана решать все потенциальные экологические проблемы. Сегодня большая часть инфраструктуры все еще находится на этом этапе своего развития.

    We soon realized that traditional data centers were quickly becoming outdated. They were not keeping up with the demands of what was happening technologically and environmentally. That’s when we kicked off our Generation 2 design. Gen 2 facilities started taking into account sustainability, energy efficiency, and really looking at the total cost of energy and operations.

    Очень быстро мы поняли, что стандартные дата-центры очень быстро становятся устаревшими. Они не поспевали за темпами изменений технологических и экологических требований. Именно тогда мы стали разрабатывать ЦОД второго поколения. В этих дата-центрах Gen 2 стали принимать во внимание такие факторы как устойчивое развитие, энергетическая эффективность, а также общие энергетические и эксплуатационные.

    No longer did we view data centers just for the upfront capital costs, but we took a hard look at the facility over the course of its life. Our Quincy, Washington and San Antonio, Texas facilities are examples of our Gen 2 data centers where we explored and implemented new ways to lessen the impact on the environment. These facilities are considered two leading industry examples, based on their energy efficiency and ability to run and operate at new levels of scale and performance by leveraging clean hydro power (Quincy) and recycled waste water (San Antonio) to cool the facility during peak cooling months.

    Мы больше не рассматривали дата-центры только с точки зрения начальных капитальных затрат, а внимательно следили за работой ЦОД на протяжении его срока службы. Наши объекты в Куинси, Вашингтоне, и Сан-Антонио, Техас, являются образцами наших ЦОД второго поколения, в которых мы изучали и применяли на практике новые способы снижения воздействия на окружающую среду. Эти объекты считаются двумя ведущими отраслевыми примерами, исходя из их энергетической эффективности и способности работать на новых уровнях производительности, основанных на использовании чистой энергии воды (Куинси) и рециклирования отработанной воды (Сан-Антонио) для охлаждения объекта в самых жарких месяцах.

    As we were delivering our Gen 2 facilities into steel and concrete, our Generation 3 facilities were rapidly driving the evolution of the program. The key concepts for our Gen 3 design are increased modularity and greater concentration around energy efficiency and scale. The Gen 3 facility will be best represented by the Chicago, Illinois facility currently under construction. This facility will seem very foreign compared to the traditional data center concepts most of the industry is comfortable with. In fact, if you ever sit around in our container hanger in Chicago it will look incredibly different from a traditional raised-floor data center. We anticipate this modularization will drive huge efficiencies in terms of cost and operations for our business. We will also introduce significant changes in the environmental systems used to run our facilities. These concepts and processes (where applicable) will help us gain even greater efficiencies in our existing footprint, allowing us to further maximize infrastructure investments.

    Так как наши ЦОД второго поколения строились из стали и бетона, наши центры обработки данных третьего поколения начали их быстро вытеснять. Главными концептуальными особенностями ЦОД третьего поколения Gen 3 являются повышенная модульность и большее внимание к энергетической эффективности и масштабированию. Дата-центры третьего поколения лучше всего представлены объектом, который в настоящее время строится в Чикаго, Иллинойс. Этот ЦОД будет выглядеть очень необычно, по сравнению с общепринятыми в отрасли представлениями о дата-центре. Действительно, если вам когда-либо удастся побывать в нашем контейнерном ангаре в Чикаго, он покажется вам совершенно непохожим на обычный дата-центр с фальшполом. Мы предполагаем, что этот модульный подход будет способствовать значительному повышению эффективности нашего бизнеса в отношении затрат и операций. Мы также внесем существенные изменения в климатические системы, используемые в наших ЦОД. Эти концепции и технологии, если применимо, позволят нам добиться еще большей эффективности наших существующих дата-центров, и тем самым еще больше увеличивать капиталовложения в инфраструктуру.

    This is definitely a journey, not a destination industry. In fact, our Generation 4 design has been under heavy engineering for viability and cost for over a year. While the demand of our commercial growth required us to make investments as we grew, we treated each step in the learning as a process for further innovation in data centers. The design for our future Gen 4 facilities enabled us to make visionary advances that addressed the challenges of building, running, and operating facilities all in one concerted effort.

    Это определенно путешествие, а не конечный пункт назначения. На самом деле, наш проект ЦОД четвертого поколения подвергался серьезным испытаниям на жизнеспособность и затраты на протяжении целого года. Хотя необходимость в коммерческом росте требовала от нас постоянных капиталовложений, мы рассматривали каждый этап своего развития как шаг к будущим инновациям в области дата-центров. Проект наших будущих ЦОД четвертого поколения Gen 4 позволил нам делать фантастические предположения, которые касались задач строительства, управления и эксплуатации объектов как единого упорядоченного процесса.

    Тематики

    Синонимы

    EN

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > modular data center

  • 10 servicio

    m.
    1 service.
    hubo que recurrir a los servicios de un abogado we had to use the services of a lawyer
    servicio discrecional private service
    servicio a domicilio home delivery service
    servicio de inteligencia intelligence service
    servicio militar military service
    servicios mínimos skeleton service
    servicio de paquetería parcel service
    servicio posventa after-sales service
    servicio público public service
    servicio secreto secret service
    los servicios sociales the social services
    2 service (funcionamiento).
    entrar en servicio to come into service
    3 duty (turno).
    estar de servicio to be on duty
    4 servants (servidumbre).
    servicio doméstico domestic help
    ¿dónde están los servicios? where are the toilets?, where's the bathroom? (United States)
    6 services (economics).
    7 serve, service (sport).
    8 favor, favour, service, accommodation.
    9 rest room, restroom, toilet room, bathroom.
    10 utility, public utility.
    11 usefulness, workability, service, helpfulness.
    12 table setting.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: serviciar.
    * * *
    1 (gen) service
    2 (criados) servants plural; (asistente) domestic help
    3 (juego, conjunto) set
    4 (favor) service, favour (US favor)
    5 DEPORTE service, serve
    6 (Also servicios) (retrete) toilet, US rest room
    \
    entrar en servicio to come into service
    estar al servicio de alguien to be at somebody's service
    estar de servicio to be on duty
    hacer servicio / prestar servicio to do a favour (US favor)
    hacer un flaco servicio familiar to do more harm than good
    poner en servicio to put into operation
    servicio incluido service charge included
    servicio a domicilio home delivery service
    servicio de urgencias emergency service
    servicio militar military service
    servicios públicos public services, utilities
    * * *
    noun m.
    •
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=ayuda, atención)
    a) [a empresa, país] service

    • al servicio de, un agente secreto al servicio de la Corona — a secret agent in the service of the Crown

    • estar de servicio — to be on duty

    estar de servicio de guardia — (Mil) to be on guard duty

    • estar fuera o libre de servicio — to be off duty

    • prestar servicio — [gen] to work; (Mil) to serve

    b) [a cliente] service

    servicio a domicilio — we deliver, home delivery service

    c) [de tren, autobús] service

    servicio a bordo — [en avión] in-flight services pl ; [en barco, tren] services on board pl

    servicio de información, servicio de inteligencia — intelligence service

    servicio de orden — [en manifestación] stewards pl, marshals pl

    servicio de préstamo a domicilio — lending facility, home lending service

    estación 1)
    2) (=funcionamiento)

    • estar en servicio — to be in service

    • entrar en servicio — to come o go into service

    • fuera de servicio — out of service

    • poner en servicio — to put into service

    está previsto poner en servicio una segunda pista de aterrizaje — there are plans to open a second runway, there are plans to put a second runway into operation o service

    3) (=beneficio) service

    es un abrigo viejo, pero me hace mucho servicio — it's an old coat, but I get a lot of use out of it

    • hacer un flaco servicio a algn — to do sb a disservice

    4) (Mil) (tb: servicio militar) military service
    5) [en un hospital] department

    "servicio de pediatría" — "paediatric department"

    servicio de urgencias — accident and emergency department, casualty department

    6) pl servicios (Econ) public services
    7) (=retrete público) toilet, washroom (EEUU), restroom (EEUU)

    ¿dónde están los servicios? — where are the toilets?

    8) [en la mesa]
    a) [para cada comensal]
    b) (=juego) set

    servicio de café — coffee set, coffee service

    servicio de té — tea set, tea service

    9) (=servidumbre) (tb: servicio doméstico) (=personas) servants pl ; (=actividad) service, domestic service

    • escalera de servicio — service staircase

    • puerta de servicio — tradesman's entrance

    10) (Tenis) serve, service
    11) (Rel) service
    12) (Econ) [de una deuda] servicing
    13) LAm [de un automóvil] service

    le toca el servicio a los 3.000km — it's due (for) a service after 3000km

    * * *
    1)
    a) ( acción de servir) service

    servicio permanente or de 24 horas — round-the-clock o 24-hour service

    b) ( favor) favor*, service
    c) servicios masculino plural ( asistencia) services (pl)
    2)
    a) ( funcionamiento) service, use

    ¿cuándo entra en servicio la nueva estación depuradora? — when is the new purifying plant coming into operation o service?

    b) ( sistema) service
    3)
    a) ( en hospital) department

    servicio de urgencias — accident and emergency department, casualty department

    b) servicios masculino plural (Econ) public services (pl)
    4) (en restaurante, hotel)
    a) ( atención al cliente) service
    b) ( propina) service (charge)

    habitación or cuarto de servicio — servant's quarters (frml), maid's room

    6) (Mil) service
    7) ( retrete) restroom (AmE), bathroom (esp AmE), toilet (esp BrE)
    8)
    9) ( en tenis) service, serve
    10) (Relig) service
    11) (AmL) (Auto) service
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( acción de servir) service

    servicio permanente or de 24 horas — round-the-clock o 24-hour service

    b) ( favor) favor*, service
    c) servicios masculino plural ( asistencia) services (pl)
    2)
    a) ( funcionamiento) service, use

    ¿cuándo entra en servicio la nueva estación depuradora? — when is the new purifying plant coming into operation o service?

    b) ( sistema) service
    3)
    a) ( en hospital) department

    servicio de urgencias — accident and emergency department, casualty department

    b) servicios masculino plural (Econ) public services (pl)
    4) (en restaurante, hotel)
    a) ( atención al cliente) service
    b) ( propina) service (charge)

    habitación or cuarto de servicio — servant's quarters (frml), maid's room

    6) (Mil) service
    7) ( retrete) restroom (AmE), bathroom (esp AmE), toilet (esp BrE)
    8)
    9) ( en tenis) service, serve
    10) (Relig) service
    11) (AmL) (Auto) service
    * * *
    servicio1
    1 = toilet, washroom, bathroom, restroom [rest room], lavatory, public toilet, little boys room, little girls room, loo.

    Ex: Such things as the minimum room temperature within one hour of starting work, the adequacy of light and ventilation, toilet provision, fire regulations and exits are all well covered in considerable detail.

    Ex: The library office is in the basement, 'downstairs' as it is euphemistically referred to, along with a staff lounge, the washrooms, heating equipment, and electrical and janitor's closets.
    Ex: This article presents a brief guide to collection development in the area of renovating kitchens and bathrooms = This artículo presenta una guía breve para el desarrollo de la colección en los temas relacionados con la reforma de cocinas y cuartos de baño.
    Ex: Airport restrooms have become popular meeting places for men looking for sexual trysts with other men.
    Ex: One very elementary kind of invitation might be the introduction of lavatories in public libraries: a facility to be found in department stores, which are interested in service to valued customers.
    Ex: This paper presents arguments for and against libraries in the USA having condom dispensing machines in their public toilets.
    Ex: When I went to the little boys/girls room to relieve myself I was suprised to see the amount of loo rolls stashed in the corner.
    Ex: When I went to the little boys/ girls room to relieve myself I was suprised to see the amount of loo rolls stashed in the corner.
    Ex: Early on on a Friday night and three of the loos were out of order, the floor was covered in a layer of rancid water and it stank to high heaven.
    * servicios de señoras = women's room.

    servicio2
    2 = capability, facility, feature, service, servicing, utility, service charges, service facility.

    Ex: DOBIS/LIBIS contains a so-called 'help' capability.

    Ex: Apart from this additional facility Double-KWIC indexes have most of the facilities, features and drawbacks of KWIC and KWOC indexes.
    Ex: Electronic Maildrop is an online document ordering feature, where documents can be ordered from various suppliers.
    Ex: 'All aboard the orientation express' is a programme to introduce children to the services provided by the library and teach them to use the microfiche catalogue.
    Ex: There was also the difficulty that inter-departmental servicing was not undertaken in a co-operative, sharing, spirit.
    Ex: Situations where subdivisions might have had some utility are served by the co-ordination of index terms at the search stage.
    Ex: These prices include breakfast (full buffet including a large selection of hot and cold entrees, salads, cheeses, pastries, etc.) and all service charges.
    Ex: The author offer guidelines for managers and policy makers to aid the process of planning the establishment of data service facilities in a library.
    * abandonar los servicios de Alguien = drop out.
    * adscripción en comisión de servicios = secondment.
    * agencia de servicios = service agency.
    * al servicio de = at the service of.
    * al servicio de la nación = uniformed.
    * a + Posesivo + servicio = at + Posesivo + service.
    * arma de servicio = service weapon.
    * bibliotecario de servicios técnicos = technical services librarian.
    * bibliotecario encargado de los servicios dirigidos a la comunidad = community services librarian.
    * bibliotecario en servicios mínimos = duty librarian.
    * bienes y servicios = goods and services.
    * buscar los servicios de = engage.
    * calidad de los servicios = service quality.
    * calidad del servicio = service quality.
    * calidad en el servicio = quality performance, performance quality.
    * callejón de servicio = service road.
    * cambiar de servicio = churn.
    * cambio de servicio = churn.
    * carta de servicios = service offer.
    * centrado en el servicio = service-focused.
    * cobro de servicios = fee services.
    * cobro por servicios = fee services, fee for services.
    * cobro por servicios prestados = fee for services.
    * comercializar un servicio = market + service, broker + service.
    * conceder comisión de servicios = second.
    * Consejo de los Servicios de Biblioteconomía y Documentación (LISC) = Library and Information Services Council (LISC).
    * contratar los servicios de Alguien = enrol [enroll -USA].
    * convocatoria de oferta de servicios = invitation to tender (ITT).
    * dar servicio = service.
    * dar un servicio = do + service.
    * dedicado al servicio = service-oriented.
    * departamento de servicios técnicos = technical services department.
    * de servicio = on duty, on call.
    * de servicio a la sociedad = public-spirited.
    * de servicio al usuario = client-serving.
    * dirigir un servicio = run + service.
    * División de Servicios Bibliográficos de la Biblioteca Británica (BLBSD) = British Library Bibliographic Services Division (BLBSD).
    * empresa de servicios = service organisation, service agency, service company.
    * empresa de servicios de información = information broker, broker, information broking.
    * empresa de servicio social = social utility.
    * empresa de servicios públicos = public utility, utility company.
    * en comisión de servicios = seconded.
    * estación de servicio = gas station, petrol station, service station, gasoline station.
    * estando de servicio = while on the job.
    * ética de servicio = service ethic.
    * externalización de servicios = outsourcing [out-sourcing], externalisation of services.
    * falto de servicios = underserved.
    * fuera de servicio = off-duty, decomissioned, out of commission.
    * función de servicio = service function.
    * hueco de servicio = service core.
    * impuesto de bienes y servicios = goods and services tax.
    * industria de servicios = service industry.
    * industria de servicios financieros, la = financial services industry, the.
    * instalar un servicio = mount + service.
    * jefe de los servicios de información = chief information officer (CIO).
    * jefe del servicio de catalogación = cataloguing head.
    * jefe del servicio de referencia = reference head.
    * libre de servicio = off-duty.
    * montar un servicio = mount + service.
    * oferta de servicios = service provision, service offer.
    * oficial de servicio = duty officer.
    * ofrecer servicio = service.
    * ofrecer un servicio = operate + service, provide + service, do + service.
    * orientado al servicio de la gente = people-centred, people-centric.
    * orientado al servicio de las personas = people-centred.
    * orientado hacia el servicio = service orientated, service-focused.
    * orientar un servicio hacia = target + service.
    * período de servicio = tour of duty.
    * personal de servicios = service worker.
    * personas faltas de servicios, las = underserved, the.
    * por todo el servicio = service-wide.
    * prestación de servicios = service delivery.
    * prestar un servicio = operate + service, provide + service, render + service, give + service to, deliver + service, deliver + value, produce + the goods, do + service.
    * prestar un servicio a los usuarios = serve + patrons.
    * profesional dedicado al servicio = service professional.
    * profesional dedicado a prestar un servicio a la población = service professional.
    * profesión dedicada al servicio = service profession.
    * profesión dedicada al servicio de otros = helping profession.
    * profesión dedicada a prestar un servicio a la población = service profession.
    * promover un servicio = launch + service.
    * proveedor de servicios = service supplier, service provider.
    * proveedor de servicios de Internet = Internet provider.
    * Proveedor de Servicios de Internet (ISP) = ISP (Internet Service Provider).
    * punto de servicio = service point.
    * responsable del servicio de emergencias = emergency official.
    * responsable del servicio de referencia = reference administrator.
    * separación de servicios = unbundling.
    * servicio a domicilio = home delivery.
    * servicio a través de terceros = third-party service.
    * servicio a uno mismo = self-service.
    * servicio auxiliar de apoyo familiar = respite care.
    * servicio bibliográfico = bibliographic service, bibliographic utility.
    * servicio bibliotecario = library facility, library service.
    * servicio bibliotecario mediante pago = fee-based library service.
    * servicio bibliotecario penintenciario = prison library service.
    * servicio central = main site service.
    * servicio centralizado de control de publicaciones seriadas = consolidation service.
    * servicio comercial = commercial service, commercial vendor, charged service.
    * servicio comunitario = community service.
    * servicio de acceso público = public delivery service.
    * servicio de acompañante = escort service.
    * servicio de actualización permanente = current awareness, current-awareness service.
    * servicio de adquisiciones = acquisition routines, acquisition(s) service.
    * servicio de aduanas = customs and excise agency.
    * servicio de alerta = alert service.
    * servicio de aparcacoches = valet parking.
    * servicio de apoyo = backup service, support service.
    * servicio de asesoramiento = consulting service, counselling service, advisory service.
    * servicio de asesoramiento jurídico = legal aid service.
    * servicio de asistencia = provider service.
    * servicio de atención = advisory service.
    * servicio de atención al cliente = customer service, service department.
    * servicio de atención al cliente en su propio automóvil = drive-through (drive-thru).
    * servicio de atención al cliente por teléfono = call centre.
    * servicio de atención de día = day care.
    * servicio de autobuses = bus service.
    * servicio de ayuda = help desk [helpdesk], help facility.
    * servicio de búsqueda = search service.
    * servicio de canguros = baby-sitting service.
    * servicio de catalogación = cataloguing service.
    * servicio de compañía = escort service.
    * servicio de compra por televisión = teleshopping service.
    * servicio de compras = acquisition(s) service.
    * servicio de conexión a las redes = networking service.
    * servicio de correo = mail service.
    * servicio de correo electrónico = electronic mail service.
    * servicio de correos = postal service.
    * servicio de cuidado de día = day care.
    * servicio de difusión selectiva de la información = SDI service.
    * servicio de directorios = directory service.
    * servicio de distribución = host service.
    * servicio de documentación = documentation service.
    * servicio de emergencia = emergency service.
    * servicio de entrega de documentos = document delivery service (DDS).
    * servicio de envío = turnaround.
    * Servicio de Envío de Artículos Originales (OATS) = Original Article Tearsheet Service (OATS).
    * servicio de extensión bibliotecaria = outreach service, library extension work, extension service, outreach programme, reach out.
    * servicio de fotocopia = copying facilities.
    * servicio de fotocopias = photocopying service.
    * servicio de fotodocumentación = photocopying service.
    * servicio de habitaciones = room service.
    * servicio de impresión = offline print facility.
    * servicio de indización = indexing service.
    * servicio de indización de publicaciones periódicas = periodicals indexing service.
    * servicio de indización y resumen = indexing and abstracting service.
    * servicio de información = alerting device, information service, information delivery service, information utility.
    * servicio de información al consumidor = Consumer Advice Centre (CAC), consumer advisory service.
    * servicio de información ciudadana = community information service.
    * servicio de información electrónica = electronic information service.
    * servicio de información en línea = online information service.
    * servicio de información local = local information service.
    * servicio de información sectorial = sectoral information service.
    * servicio de informática = computing service.
    * servicio de inteligencia = intelligence community, intelligence agency.
    * servicio de jurado = jury duty.
    * servicio de libros a domicilio = homebound service.
    * servicio de limpieza = janitorial services.
    * servicio de mantenimiento técnico = support service.
    * servicio de mensajería = courier service.
    * servicio de microfilmación = microfilm service, microfilming service.
    * servicio de noticias = news service.
    * servicio de novedades = news alerts.
    * servicio de novedades a través del correo electrónico = e-mail alert.
    * servicio de orientación = referral service, advisory service.
    * servicio de orientación al lector = readers' advisory service point, readers' advisory service.
    * servicio de petición de documentos = document delivery service (DDS).
    * servicio de preparación = training facility.
    * servicio de préstamo = lending service, loaner service.
    * servicio de préstamo a domicilio = home lending service.
    * servicio de préstamo de documentos = document delivery service (DDS).
    * servicio de préstamo interbibliotecario = interlending service.
    * servicio de recuperación en línea = online retrieval service.
    * servicio de referencia = reference desk, reference service, enquiry service.
    * Servicio de Referencia Asistido por Ordenador (MARS) = MARS (Machine Assisted Reference Service).
    * servicio de referencia bibliotecario = library reference service.
    * servicio de referencia electrónica = electronic reference service [e-reference service].
    * servicio de referencia en vivo = live reference.
    * servicio de referencia por correo electrónico = electronic mail reference service.
    * servicio de registros MARC, el = MARC service, the.
    * servicio de reparto con furgoneta = van delivery service.
    * servicio de respuesta = turnaround.
    * servicio de restauración = caterer.
    * servicio de resúmenes = abstracting service.
    * servicio de salud pública = health service.
    * servicio de seguridad = security service.
    * servicio de suministro de documentos = document delivery service (DDS).
    * servicio de telefonía móvil = mobile telephone service, mobile phone service.
    * servicio de transferencia de documentos = document delivery service (DDS).
    * servicio de única ventanilla = one-stop service.
    * servicio doméstico = cleaning lady, domestic service, housekeeper.
    * servicio en la Guardia Nacional = National Guard duty.
    * servicio en línea = online service.
    * servicio especial de autobuses = bus shuttle service, bus shuttle, shuttle bus service, shuttle bus.
    * servicio especial de transporte = shuttle, shuttle service.
    * servicio exhaustivo = service in-depth.
    * servicio extra = frill.
    * servicio funerario = funeral service.
    * servicio gratis = frill.
    * servicio gratuito = free service.
    * servicio las 24 horas = 24 hour(s) service, 24 hour(s) service.
    * servicio médico = medical care, medical aid, medical assistance.
    * servicio meteorológico = meteorological service.
    * servicio metereológico = weather bureau, weather service.
    * servicio militar = military service, soldiering.
    * servicio militar obligatorio = conscription, compulsory military service, draft, the, military draft.
    * servicio nacional = domestic service.
    * servicio no incluido = hidden extra.
    * servicio postal = postal service, postal delivery service.
    * servicio postventa = after-sales service.
    * servicio público = amenity, public service, public utility, utility service.
    * servicio regional de sanidad = hospital board.
    * servicio relacionado con los libros = book service.
    * servicio religioso = ceremonial service.
    * servicio remoto = remote service.
    * servicios a lectores = readers' services.
    * servicios a los estudiantes = student services.
    * servicio sanitario = health service.
    * servicios automatizados = automation capabilities.
    * servicios básicos = amenities.
    * servicios bibliotecarios = library provision.
    * servicios bibliotecarios para jóvenes = youth services.
    * servicios bibliotecarios para los marginados = library services to the disadvantaged.
    * servicios bibliotecarios para los sordos = library services for the deaf.
    * servicios complementarios = added-value services.
    * servicios de asistencia = remedial services.
    * servicios de atención al estudiante = student services.
    * servicios de autopista = highway facilities.
    * servicios de cafetería = food services.
    * servicios de documentos secundarios = secondary services.
    * servicios de emergencia = emergency assistance.
    * servicios de extensión bibliotecaria = library outreach.
    * servicios de información = Information and Referral services.
    * servicios de información bibliográfica = bibliographical services.
    * servicios de información y referencia = I&R services (Information and Referral).
    * servicios de red de valor añadido (VANS) = value added network services (VANS).
    * servicios de trenes = rail facilities.
    * servicios mínimos = skeleton staff.
    * servicio social = social service.
    * servicio social sustitutorio = community service.
    * servicios orientados hacia el usuario final = end-user services.
    * servicios para adultos = adult services.
    * servicios sociales = human services, welfare services.
    * Servicios Técnicos y de Recursos para la Biblioteca (LRTS) = LRTS (Library Resources and Technical Services).
    * servicio técnico = technical service, technical support, tech support.
    * servicio telefónico = telephone service.
    * servicio universal = universal service.
    * servicio valioso = yeoman service.
    * solicitar un servicio = call on/upon + service.
    * suplemento por servicio = service charges.
    * suspender un servicio = withdraw + service.
    * tiempo fuera de servicio = downtime.
    * tipo de servicio = style of service.
    * trabajo de préstamo de servicios = service job.
    * un servicio las 24 horas = a 24-hour service.
    * valor afectivo del servicio = affect of service.
    * vender un servicio = market + service.
    * vía de servicio = service road.

    * * *
    A
    a partir del próximo lunes estaremos a su servicio en nuestro nuevo local from next Monday we will be open for business at our new premises
    durante la guerra prestó servicio como médico en el frente during the war he served as a doctor at the front
    le regalaron un reloj cuando cumplió 20 años de servicio he was given a watch when he completed 20 years' service
    estoy de servicio I'm on duty
    un policía libre de servicio an off-duty policeman
    [ S ] servicio permanente or de 24 horas round-the-clock o 24-hour service
    2 (favor) favor*, service
    al despedirte te hizo un gran servicio he did you a great service o favor by firing you ( colloq)
    me prestó un servicio inestimable recomendándome para el trabajo she did me a really good turn o a very great service by recommending me for the job
    3 servicios mpl (asistencia) services (pl)
    me ofreció sus servicios muy amablemente he kindly offered me his services
    pasó a prestar sus servicios como asesor legal he went on to work as a legal adviser
    recurrieron a los servicios de un abogado conocido they sought the advice of a well-known lawyer
    les agradecemos los servicios prestados we would like to thank you for all your work o help
    Compuestos:
    (home) delivery service
    customer service
    support services
    catering service
    (de datos, detalles) information service; ( Mil) intelligence service
    intelligence service
    cleaning service ( BrE)
    stewards (pl), marshals (pl)
    prevention service
    security service
    train service
    transportation service ( AmE), transport service ( BrE)
    ≈ coastguard service
    diplomatic service
    ( Esp) memorandum
    after-sales service
    public service
    secret service
    mpl news services (pl)
    mpl minimum o skeleton service
    social services (pl)
    B
    1 (funcionamiento) service, use
    han puesto en servicio el nuevo andén the new platform is now in use o is now open
    ¿cuándo entra en servicio la nueva estación depuradora? when is the new purifying plant coming into operation o service?
    han suspendido el servicio hasta nuevo aviso (the) service has been interrupted until further notice
    [ S ] fuera de servicio out of service
    2 (sistema) service
    servicio de teléfonos telephone service
    servicio de trenes train service
    servicio postal mail service ( AmE), postal service ( BrE)
    todos los servicios all the main services
    el servicio de la línea 19 es pésimo the number 19 is a terrible service
    C
    1 (en un hospital) department
    servicio de ginecología gynecology department
    servicio de urgencias accident and emergency department, casualty department ( BrE)
    es jefe del servicio de cirugía he is the chief surgeon
    2 servicios mpl ( Econ) public services (pl)
    una empresa del sector servicios a company in the public service sector
    D (en un restaurante, hotel)
    1 (atención) service
    una excelente carta y un servicio esmerado an excellent menu and impeccable service
    2 (propina) service, service charge
    [ S ] servicio e impuestos incluidos tax and service included
    no nos han cobrado el servicio they haven't charged for service
    E
    (servidumbre): sólo hablan de los problemas del servicio all they talk about is the problems of having servants
    se quedaron sin servicio they were left without any domestic help
    escalera de servicio service staircase
    entrada de servicio tradesmen's entrance
    habitación or cuarto de servicio servant's quarters (pl) ( frml), maid's room
    Compuesto:
    (actividad) domestic service; (personas) servants (pl), domestic staff
    siempre ha trabajado en servicio doméstico he has always worked in domestic service, he has been in service all his life
    F ( Mil) service
    estar en servicio to be in service
    Compuestos:
    active service
    military service
    aquí no hay servicio militar obligatorio there is no compulsory military service here
    G
    1 baño (retrete) washroom ( AmE), bathroom ( esp AmE), toilet ( esp BrE)
    ¿los servicios, por favor? can you tell me where the washrooms are, please?, can you tell me where the ladies'/gents' is please? ( BrE)
    2 (orinal) chamber pot
    H
    1 (de cubiertos) set of cutlery o flatware ( AmE)
    (de loza): servicio de café coffee set
    servicio de té tea service o set
    este juego no tiene servicio de pescado there are no fish knives in this canteen o set
    2 (individual) piece
    vajilla de doce servicios twelve-piece dinner service
    I (en tenis) service, serve
    servicio de Fortín Fortín to serve
    tiene que mejorar su servicio she needs to work on her serve
    J ( Econ, Fin) (de una deuda) servicing, service
    K ( Agr) service
    L ( Relig) service
    M ( AmL) ( Auto) service
    * * *

     

    servicio sustantivo masculino
    1


    estar de servicio [policía/bombero] to be on duty;
    servicio público public service;
    servicios informativos broadcasting services (pl)
    b) ( favor) favor( conjugate favor), service

    c)

    ◊ servicios sustantivo masculino plural ( asistencia) services (pl);

    me ofreció sus servicios he offered me his services
    2 ( funcionamiento) service, use;

    han puesto en servicio el nuevo andén the new platform is now in use o is now open
    3 ( en hospital) department;

    4 (en restaurante, hotel)


    5 ( servidumbre):

    cuarto de servicio servant's quarters ;

    (frml), maid's room;


    ( personas) servants (pl), domestic staff
    6 (Mil) service;

    7 ( retrete) restroom (AmE), bathroom (esp AmE), toilet (esp BrE)
    8 ( en tenis) service, serve
    9 (Relig) service
    (AmL) (Auto) service
    servicio sustantivo masculino
    1 service
    estar de servicio, to be on duty
    servicio a domicilio, delivery service
    servicio doméstico, domestic service
    servicio militar, military service
    fuera de servicio, out of order
    2 (utilidad) use: esa mesita me hace mucho servicio, this table is very useful
    3 (conjunto) en esta mesa falta un servicio, we need to set another place at the table
    servicio de café, coffee service
    4 (cuarto de baño) toilet sing, US rest room sing
    ' servicio' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acto
    - área
    - bloquear
    - camarera
    - camarero
    - cerrar
    - correo
    - dirigirse
    - disposición
    - encargar
    - exenta
    - exento
    - guardia
    - incluida
    - incluido
    - informatización
    - inteligencia
    - juventud
    - parque
    - postventa
    - posventa
    - prestar
    - prestación
    - supresión
    - suprimir
    - apto
    - asegurar
    - asistencia
    - atender
    - calidad
    - circular
    - cubierto
    - cumplir
    - doméstico
    - empleada
    - entrega
    - estación
    - exprés
    - favor
    - funcionamiento
    - funcionar
    - interrumpir
    - muchacha
    - operar
    - postal
    - puente
    - puerta
    - puesta
    - recluta
    - reparto
    English:
    after-sales
    - agent
    - answering service
    - around-the clock
    - auxiliary
    - bargain for
    - bargain on
    - bed
    - bog
    - break
    - breakdown
    - charge
    - commission
    - conscription
    - dissatisfaction
    - disservice
    - duty
    - excuse
    - foreign service
    - gent
    - ground
    - health service
    - inclusive
    - INS
    - intelligence
    - lousy
    - mail
    - National Health Service
    - off-duty
    - on
    - pay
    - privatize
    - public convenience
    - reinstate
    - room service
    - run
    - secret service
    - serve
    - service
    - service charge
    - shuttle
    - skeleton
    - support
    - toilet-train
    - toilet-training
    - tour
    - unit
    - use
    - utility
    - amenity
    * * *
    1. [prestación, asistencia, sistema] service;
    se ha suspendido el servicio en la línea 1 de autobús the number 1 bus isn't running today;
    hubo que recurrir a los servicios de una agencia inmobiliaria we had to use the services of Br an estate agent o US a real estate office;
    el servicio postal/hospitalario the postal/hospital service;
    lleva muchos años al servicio de la empresa she has worked for the company for several years;
    estamos a su servicio para lo que necesite we are at your service if you need anything;
    hacer o [m5] prestar un buen servicio a alguien [prenda, utensilio, aparato] to serve sb well;
    nos ha ofrecido sus servicios he has offered us his services;
    por los servicios prestados for services rendered;
    prestar servicio como o [m5]de to serve as
    Servicio de Administración Tributaria Br ≈ the Inland Revenue, US ≈ the IRS;
    servicio de atención al cliente customer service department;
    servicios bancarios banking services;
    servicio discrecional private service;
    servicio a domicilio home delivery service;
    servicios financieros financial services;
    servicios informativos [de cadena de radio, televisión] news service;
    servicio de inteligencia intelligence service;
    servicio en línea on-line service;
    servicio de mensajería courier service;
    servicio militar military service;
    hacer el servicio militar to do one's military service;
    servicios mínimos [en huelga] skeleton service;
    servicio de paquetería parcel service;
    servicio posventa after-sales service;
    servicio de prensa press department;
    servicio público public service;
    servicio religioso religious service;
    servicio secreto secret service;
    servicios sociales social services;
    servicio técnico technical assistance;
    servicio de urgencias Br casualty department, US emergency room;
    servicio de veinticuatro horas round-the-clock service
    2. [funcionamiento] service;
    entrar en servicio to come into service;
    estar fuera de servicio [máquina] to be out of order
    3. [servidumbre] servants;
    el servicio está fatal hoy en día you just can't find the staff these days
    servicio doméstico domestic help
    4. [turno] duty;
    estar de servicio to be on duty
    servicio activo [en el ejército] active service o duty
    5. [en tenis, squash] serve, service;
    primer/segundo servicio first/second serve o service;
    al servicio, Ríos Ríos to serve;
    mantener el servicio to hold one's serve
    6. [cubierto] place setting
    7. [juego de tazas, platos]
    servicio de café/té coffee/tea set;
    servicio de mesa dinner service
    8. [en restaurante] [atención al cliente] service;
    [recargo] service charge;
    dan un servicio pésimo the service is awful;
    el servicio está incluido service is included;
    servicio no incluido service is not included
    9.
    servicios [sector terciario] services;
    una empresa de servicios a services company;
    el sector servicios the services sector
    10. Esp [WC] toilet, US bathroom;
    ¿dónde están los servicios? where are the toilets?, US where's the bathroom?;
    el servicio de señoras/caballeros the ladies/gents
    * * *
    m
    1 service;
    estar al servicio de be at the service of;
    hacer un buen servicio a alguien do s.o. a great service;
    estar de servicio be on duty;
    2
    :
    servicios pl restroom sg, Br toilets
    :
    fuera de servicio TÉC out of order;
    poner en servicio put into service
    * * *
    1) : service
    2) saque: serve (in sports)
    3) servicios nmpl
    : restroom
    * * *
    1. (en general) service
    2. (aseo) toilet
    3. (en tenis) serve / service
    4. (asistente) domestic help

    Spanish-English dictionary > servicio

  • 11 trabajo

    m.
    1 work.
    una casa tan grande da mucho trabajo a big house like that is a lot of work
    hacer un buen trabajo to do a good job
    trabajo de campo field work
    trabajo en o de equipo teamwork
    trabajo físico physical effort
    trabajo intelectual mental effort
    trabajo manual manual labor
    trabajos forzados o forzosos hard labor
    trabajo de oficina office work
    trabajo social social work
    trabajo sucio dirty work
    trabajo temporal temporary work
    2 job (empleo).
    buscar/encontrar trabajo to look for/find work o a job
    no tener trabajo to be out of work
    3 work (place).
    en el trabajo at work
    ir al trabajo to go to work
    5 labor (economics & politics).
    6 effort (esfuerzo).
    costar mucho trabajo to take a lot of effort
    tomarse el trabajo de hacer algo to go to o take the trouble of doing something
    7 work place, job, workplace.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: trabajar.
    * * *
    2 (tarea) task, job
    3 (empleo) job, employment
    4 (esfuerzo) effort
    5 EDUCACIÓN report, paper
    \
    ahorrarse el trabajo to save oneself the trouble
    con gran trabajo / con mucho trabajo with great effort
    cuesta trabajo... it's hard to...
    estar sin trabajo to be out of work
    ir al trabajo to go to work
    tomarse el trabajo de to take the trouble to
    trabajo de chinos familiar very intricate work, time-consuming work
    trabajo eventual casual labour (US labor)
    trabajo por turno / trabajo por turnos shiftwork
    trabajos forzados / trabajos forzosos hard labour (US labor) sing
    trabajos manuales arts and crafts, handicrafts
    * * *
    noun m.
    1) work, job
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=labor) work

    ¡buen trabajo! — good work!

    • el trabajo de la casa — the housework

    • ropa de trabajo — work clothes

    • estar sin trabajo — to be unemployed

    quedarse sin trabajo — to find o.s. out of work, lose one's job

    trabajo de campo, trabajo en el terreno — fieldwork

    trabajo manual — manual labour, manual labor (EEUU)

    trabajos forzados — hard labour sing, hard labor (EEUU) sing

    trabajos manuales — (Escol) handicrafts

    2) (tb: puesto de trabajo) job
    3) (tb: lugar de trabajo) work
    4) (=esfuerzo)

    • ahorrarse el trabajo — to save o.s. the trouble

    • costar trabajo, le cuesta trabajo hacerlo — he finds it hard to do

    • dar trabajo, reparar la casa nos ha dado mucho trabajo — it was hard work o a real job repairing the house

    • tomarse el trabajo de hacer algo — to take the trouble to do sth

    5) (=obra) (Arte, Literat) work; (Educ) essay; [de investigación] study
    6) (Econ)
    a) (=mano de obra) labour, labor (EEUU)
    b) (tb: Ministerio de Trabajo) ≈ Department of Employment, ≈ Department of Labor (EEUU)
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( empleo) job

    conseguir trabajo — to get o find work, to get o find a job

    un trabajo de media jornada or (AmL) de medio tiempo or (Esp) a tiempo parcial — a part-time job

    trabajo de jornada completa or de or a tiempo completo — full-time work o job

    b) ( lugar) work
    2) (actividad, labor) work
    3)
    a) ( tarea) job
    b) ( obra escrita) piece of work
    4) ( esfuerzo)

    se tomó/dio el trabajo de venir — she took the trouble to come

    5) (Econ) labor*
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( empleo) job

    conseguir trabajo — to get o find work, to get o find a job

    un trabajo de media jornada or (AmL) de medio tiempo or (Esp) a tiempo parcial — a part-time job

    trabajo de jornada completa or de or a tiempo completo — full-time work o job

    b) ( lugar) work
    2) (actividad, labor) work
    3)
    a) ( tarea) job
    b) ( obra escrita) piece of work
    4) ( esfuerzo)

    se tomó/dio el trabajo de venir — she took the trouble to come

    5) (Econ) labor*
    * * *
    trabajo1
    1 = employment, endeavour [endeavor, -USA], job, labour [labor, -USA], leg work, occupation, task, work, working environment, workload [work load], pursuit, workmanship, footwork, handwork, professional position, working practice, pursuit in life, handiwork, lifework, line of business, toil, industry.

    Ex: Under WOMEN -- EMPLOYMENT, for instance, are listed works on the health and safety hazards of employment, the wages of employment, the problems of mothers, married and/or single women and employment, and so on.

    Ex: Eventually, it came to be recognized that the Classification Research Group's endeavours might be pertinent to the problem of alphabetical indexing.
    Ex: To ease the cataloguer's job and save him the trouble of counting characters, DOBIS/LIBIS uses a special function.
    Ex: An editor is a person who prepares for publication an item not his own and whose labour may be limited to the preparation of the item for the manufacturer.
    Ex: DOBIS/LIBIS may replace the typewriter, the catalog card, and much leg work, but it cannot replace the decision-making capabilities of the library staff.
    Ex: Headings such as SALESMEN AND SALESMANSHIP and FIREMEN, since they are assigned to works covering the activities of both men and women in these occupations, are not specific.
    Ex: Further, menu screens will be necessary until the user has specified the task that he wishes executed or the information that he wishes to retrieve sufficiently for execution or retrieval to be effected.
    Ex: The Classification Research Group (CRG) has been a major force in the development of classification theory, and has made a major contribution towards work on a new general classification scheme.
    Ex: This article examines the various features now available on copiers and comments on the usefulness in a working environment.
    Ex: Each of these changes, if we were to deal with them in an adequate manner, create severe workload problems for the cataloging department.
    Ex: What is more arguable is whether or not it is a bibliographical pursuit at all since it bears little relationship to the physical nature of the book.
    Ex: William R Lethaby, the architect who had Westminster Abbey in his charge for over twenty years, once said 'Art is thoughtful workmanship'.
    Ex: If we decide to take on making up a subject file there'd be a lot of footwork even if we use that list as a basis = Si decidimos aceptar crear un fichero ordenado por materias habría mucho trabajo incluso si usamos esta lista como base.
    Ex: The newspaper's suppression after the first issue was not, as some historians have declared, the handwork of Massachusetts' Puritan clergy = La supresión del periódico después de su primer número no fue, como algunos historiadores han declarado, por la intervención del clero puritano de Massachussetts.
    Ex: In virtually all of her professional positions she has been involved with the handling of documents.
    Ex: While many believe that print on paper will never die, new formats are already changing working practice in many spheres.
    Ex: People who are blind, regardless of their pursuit in life, will not have access to current information, books, learning, or education opportunities unless all libraries and blindness organizations agree to work together.
    Ex: Rather than bringing in butchers to do the handiwork of his dissections, Vesalius himself worked on the human cadavers and said that students of medicine should do the same.
    Ex: This is an eloquent, moving testament to the lifework of a major artist of unimpeachable technique and passion.
    Ex: The computer people are muscling in on our line of business and we can't stop them.
    Ex: Furthermore, the computer can be used, and is already being used, to eliminate drudgery, busywork, and useless toil in library systems.
    Ex: In fact, the terms of the contrast are highly ambivalent: order vs. anarchy, liberty vs. despotism, or industry vs. sloth, and also dissimulation vs. honesty.
    * acoso en el trabajo = workplace mobbing.
    * agenda de trabajo = work agenda.
    * agobiado de trabajo = up to + Posesivo + eyeballs in work.
    * ahorrar el trabajo de = save + effort in.
    * almuerzo de trabajo = work luncheon.
    * ámbito de trabajo = field of endeavour.
    * amor al trabajo = love of work.
    * ansiedad en el trabajo = job anxiety, work anxiety.
    * anterior al trabajo = pre-service.
    * anuncio de trabajo = help wanted ad, help wanted notice.
    * anuncios de trabajo = help-wanted advertising.
    * año de trabajo = man year.
    * ascender en el trabajo = step up + the career ladder.
    * ascenso en el trabajo = job promotion.
    * aspirar a un puesto de trabajo = aspire to + position.
    * asunto relacionado con el trabajo = work-related issue.
    * avanzar en + Posesivo + trabajo = advance + Posesivo + work, advance + Posesivo + work.
    * basado en el trabajo en equipo = team-based.
    * bibliografía de trabajo = working bibliography.
    * biblioteconomía especializada en el trabajo de referencia = reference librarianship.
    * bolsa de trabajo = labour exchange, job opportunities, employment bureau, employment centre, employment opportunity, job centre, job pool.
    * borrador de trabajo = working paper.
    * buscador de trabajo = job applicant, job seeker.
    * buscar trabajo = seek + employment.
    * buscar trabajo en la calle = work + the streets.
    * campo de trabajo = field of endeavour.
    * campo de trabajos forzados = labour camp, forced labour camp.
    * cantidad de trabajo = workload [work load].
    * carga de trabajo = workload [work load].
    * centro de trabajo = workplace.
    * cobrar en un trabajo = job + pay.
    * comenzar el turno de trabajo = go on + duty.
    * comida de trabajo = business meal, professional meal.
    * compañero de trabajo = co-worker [coworker], male colleague, work colleague, fellow worker.
    * complementos del trabajo = fringe benefits, fringes.
    * conciliación del trabajo y la familia = reconciliation of work and family.
    * con demasiado trabajo = overworked.
    * condiciones del contrato de trabajo = terms of employment.
    * condiciones de trabajo = working conditions.
    * con mucho trabajo = painfully.
    * conseguir un puesto de trabajo = obtain + position.
    * conseguir un trabajo = enter + job, land + job.
    * con trabajo = in post.
    * contratar al primero que solicita el trabajo = hire on a first-come, first-take basis.
    * contrato de trabajo = contract position.
    * conversación de trabajo = shop talk.
    * costar mucho trabajo = have + a tough time, have + a hard time.
    * costar trabajo = have + Posesivo + work cut out for + Pronombre, have + Posesivo + job cut out for + Pronombre.
    * cualquier trabajo temporal = casual job.
    * cubrir un puesto de trabajo = fill + position.
    * cuestión relacionada con el trabajo = work-related issue.
    * dar permiso en el trabajo = give + time off work.
    * dar trabajo = present + burden.
    * dedicar trabajo = expend + effort.
    * definición de trabajo = working definition.
    * dejar a Alguien sin trabajo = put + Nombre + out of work.
    * dejar el puesto de trabajo = resign from + Posesivo + post.
    * dejar el trabajo = resign from + Posesivo + post, quit + Posesivo + job, jump + ship.
    * dejar sin trabajo = put + Nombre + out of work.
    * dejar un puesto de trabajo = resign from + Posesivo + position.
    * dejar un trabajo = quit, resign + Posesivo + post.
    * denominación del puesto de trabajo = job title, occupational title.
    * dentro del mismo trabajo = intraoccupational.
    * derecho del trabajo = employment law.
    * desarrollar + Posesivo + trabajo = advance + Posesivo + work.
    * desarrollar un plan de trabajo = develop + agenda.
    * descripción del puesto de trabajo = job description, position description, job profile.
    * desempeñar un trabajo = exercise + work.
    * despedir del trabajo = make + redundant.
    * después del horario de trabajo = after hours [after-hours].
    * de trabajo = working.
    * día del trabajo = Labour Day.
    * día de trabajo = working day.
    * día internacional del trabajo = Labour Day.
    * diario automático de trabajo = time log.
    * dignidad del trabajo = dignity of work.
    * dinámica de trabajo = workflow [work flow].
    * distribución del trabajo = workflow [work flow].
    * distribuir el trabajo = spread + the load.
    * división del trabajo = division of labour.
    * documento de trabajo = working document, working draft.
    * eficacia en el trabajo = quality of service.
    * elaborar un plan de trabajo = develop + agenda.
    * eliminar puestos de trabajo = shed + jobs, axe + jobs, cut + jobs.
    * empresa de trabajo = industrial affiliation.
    * encomendar un trabajo a Alguien = assign + job.
    * encontrar trabajo = find + a job.
    * encontrar trabajo en una biblioteca = join + library.
    * en el horario de trabajo = on company time.
    * en el trabajo = on-the-job, at work.
    * enseñanza antes de empezar el trabajo = pre-service education.
    * enseñanza en el trabajo = in-service education.
    * entorno de trabajo = working environment, work environment.
    * entrevista de trabajo = job interview.
    * equipo de trabajo = study team, project team, work team.
    * esclavo del trabajo = workaholic.
    * escribir un trabajo = write + essay.
    * espacio de trabajo = workspace.
    * específico de un trabajo concreto = job-specific.
    * estación de trabajo = workstation [work station], desktop workstation.
    * estación de trabajo remota = outstation.
    * estadía de trabajo = work visit.
    * estar mareado de tanto trabajo = be reeling.
    * estar relacionado con el trabajo = be work related.
    * estar saturado de trabajo = work to + capacity.
    * estar sin trabajo = stay out of + work.
    * estrategia que ahorra trabajo = labour saver.
    * estrés en el trabajo = job stress.
    * evaluar el rendimiento en el trabajo = evaluate + work performance.
    * excedencia en el trabajo = leave of absence.
    * ficha de trabajo = worksheet, project worksheet.
    * formación continua en el trabajo = workplace training, workplace learning.
    * formación en el trabajo = in-service training, in-service education, in-service, on-the-job training, in-service support.
    * funciones del puesto de trabajo = position + entail + duty.
    * grupo de trabajo = study group, study team, task force, working party, task group, research group, working group, project team.
    * grupo de trabajo por tema de interés = breakout group.
    * guía de trabajo = working guide.
    * hábito de trabajo = work habit, working habit.
    * hablar del trabajo = talk + shop.
    * hacer + Posesivo + trabajo = get on with + Posesivo + work.
    * hacer (todo) el trabajo pesado = do (all) + the donkey work.
    * hacer un buen trabajo = do + a good job.
    * hacer un trabajo = do + work, do + job.
    * hacer un trabajo sobre = do + a project about.
    * hasta aquí de trabajo = up to + Posesivo + eyeballs in work.
    * hasta el cuello de trabajo = up to + Posesivo + eyeballs in work.
    * herramienta de trabajo = tool, tool.
    * hora de trabajo = man-hour.
    * horario de trabajo = hours of operation, working hours, work hours.
    * horario intenso de trabajo = long hours, the.
    * horarios de trabajo demasiado cargados = over-long hours.
    * igualdad de oportunidad en el trabajo = equal employment opportunity.
    * igualdad de retribución por un trabajo de valor comparable = equal pay for comparable work.
    * igualdad de retribución por un trabajo de igual valor = equal pay for equal work.
    * incentivo en el trabajo = work incentive, labour incentive.
    * indicador del trabajo realizado = workload indicator.
    * intercambio de puestos de trabajo = job exchange.
    * jornada de trabajo = workshop.
    * liberar del exceso de trabajo = relieve + overload.
    * liberar de trabajo = relieve + pressure.
    * línea de trabajo = line of work.
    * llamar al trabajo para excusarse por enfermedad = call in + sick.
    * llegar tarde al trabajo = be late for work.
    * lugar de trabajo = affiliation, institutional affiliation, working environment, workplace, place of work, worksite [work site], home institution.
    * lugar de trabajo del autor = author affiliation.
    * magistratura del trabajo = industrial tribunal.
    * marco de trabajo = framework.
    * medida de seguridad e higiene en el trabajo = health and safety standard.
    * memoria de trabajo = working memory.
    * mercado de trabajo = labour market, job market.
    * mercado de trabajo, el = employment market, the.
    * mesa de trabajo = desk, study table.
    * método de trabajo = working method.
    * Ministerio de Trabajo = Department of Labor.
    * modelo de trabajo = working model, business model.
    * mucho trabajo = hard graft.
    * negligente en el trabajo = malpractitioner.
    * neurosis producida por el trabajo = occupational neurosis.
    * NISTF (Grupo de Trabajo sobre los Sistemas Nacionales de Información de la A = NISTF (Society of American Archivists National Information Systems Task Force).
    * no perder el trabajo = stay in + work.
    * norma de trabajo = working rule.
    * no tener trabajo = be unemployed.
    * obtener un puesto de trabajo = obtain + position.
    * ocupar un puesto de trabajo = assume + position, take up + post, hold + post.
    * oferta de trabajo = job advertisement, job offer, help wanted ad, help wanted notice.
    * ofertas de trabajo = help-wanted advertising.
    * oportunidad de trabajo = career opportunity.
    * organización del trabajo = workflow [work flow], working arrangement.
    * paquete de trabajo = workpackage.
    * para trabajos pesados = heavy-duty.
    * pérdida de puestos de trabajo = squeeze on jobs.
    * permiso de trabajo = work permit.
    * permuta de trabajo = job exchange.
    * persona encargada de hacer los trabajos sucios = hatchetman.
    * persona obsesiva con el trabajo = workoholic [workholic], workaholic.
    * persona que asigna el trabajo = assigner.
    * persona que deja un trabajo = leaver.
    * persona que reparte el trabajo = assigner.
    * personas sin trabajo remunerado, los = unwaged, the.
    * plan de trabajo = research agenda, work plan, working plan, work schedule.
    * política de trabajo = policy.
    * postura exigida por el trabajo = work posture.
    * proceso de trabajo = work process.
    * programa de formación en el trabajo = in-service training program(me).
    * programa de trabajo = work schedule.
    * programa de trabajo como interno residente = residency.
    * promoción en el trabajo = job promotion.
    * propuesta de trabajo = project proposal.
    * proyecto de trabajo = work project.
    * puente de trabajo = catwalk.
    * puesto de trabajo = appointment, position, post, opening, career path, professional position, position held.
    * puesto de trabajo de libre designación = line position.
    * puesto de trabajo ocupado = position held.
    * puestos de trabajo ocupados = positions held.
    * quitar puestos de trabajo = shed + jobs, axe + jobs, cut + jobs.
    * realizar el trabajo = get + Posesivo + work done.
    * realizar + Posesivo + trabajo = advance + Posesivo + work.
    * realizar un trabajo = perform + work, undertake + work.
    * realizar un trabajo monótono = have + Posesivo + nose to the grindstone.
    * red de trabajo = peer-to-peer network.
    * relacionado con el trabajo = job-related, work-related.
    * relación de trabajo = working relation, working relationship, work relationship, work relation.
    * relativo al trabajo = occupational.
    * rendimiento en el trabajo = work performance.
    * reunión de trabajo = business meeting, business session.
    * ropa de trabajo = work clothes.
    * rutina de trabajo = work process.
    * sala de trabajo = workroom.
    * salir del trabajo = clock off + work.
    * salud en el trabajo = occupational health.
    * satisfacción en el trabajo = job satisfaction, work satisfaction.
    * segregación en el trabajo = job segregation, employment segregation.
    * seguridad en el trabajo = safety at work, occupational safety.
    * sesión de trabajo = work session, working session.
    * sicología del trabajo = occupational psychology.
    * sin trabajo = jobless.
    * sobrecargado de trabajo = overworked.
    * sociología del trabajo = sociology of work.
    * soliciante de trabajo = job applicant.
    * solicitud de trabajo = job application.
    * superficie de trabajo = working surface, work surface.
    * taller de trabajo = workshop, study school.
    * taller de trabajo esclavo = sweatshop.
    * taller de trabajo sobre composición = writing workshop.
    * tener trabajo para rato = have + Posesivo + work cut out for + Pronombre, have + Posesivo + job cut out for + Pronombre.
    * tener un segundo trabajo = moonlight, work + a second job.
    * tener un trabajo = hold down + job.
    * tener un trabajo remunerado = be gainfully employed.
    * tener un trabajo retribuido = be gainfully employed.
    * tensión en el trabajo = job stress.
    * tensión producida por el trabajo = occupational stress.
    * terminar turno de trabajo = come off + duty.
    * toda una vida de trabajo = a lifetime of work.
    * tomarse excedencia en el trabajo = take + leave from + employment.
    * tomarse + Expresión Temporal + de permiso en el trabajo = take + Expresión Temporal + off, have + Expresión Temporal + off work.
    * tomarse unos días de permiso en el trabajo = take + time off work.
    * tomarse unos días de permiso en el trabajo = take + time off, take + time out.
    * trabajo académico = academic work.
    * trabajo a destajo = piecework.
    * trabajo a distancia = telecommuting, teleworking, telework.
    * trabajo administrativo de apoyo = clerical work.
    * trabajo a medias = job share.
    * trabajo artesanal = craftsmanship.
    * trabajo a tiempo parcial = part-time work, part-time employment, part-time job.
    * trabajo atípico = atypical work.
    * trabajo autónomo = self-employment.
    * trabajo bibliográfico = bibliographic work.
    * trabajo bibliotecario = library work.
    * trabajo burocrático = paper-keeping.
    * trabajo científico = scientific work, scholarly work.
    * trabajo compartido = job sharing.
    * trabajo complicado = major exercise.
    * trabajo con documentación automatizada = computer-based information work.
    * trabajo conjunto = interworking.
    * trabajo con ordenador = computer work.
    * trabajo cotidiano = daily work.
    * trabajo creativo = creative work.
    * trabajo de alfabetización = literacy work.
    * trabajo de apoyo = escort work.
    * trabajo de calidad = best practices, lessons learned [lessons learnt].
    * trabajo de campo = fieldwork [field work].
    * trabajo de catalogación = cataloguing work.
    * trabajo de chinos = fiddly [fiddlier -comp., fiddliest -sup.].
    * trabajo de clase = term paper, coursework [course work], term project, homework.
    * trabajo de detective = sleuthing.
    * trabajo de escolta = escort work.
    * trabajo de impresión = bookwork.
    * trabajo de impresión de material efímero = ephemeral jobbing.
    * trabajo de información y de las bibliotecas = library and information work.
    * trabajo de investigación = investigative work, research paper, research work.
    * trabajo de la casa = housework.
    * trabajo de menores = child labour.
    * trabajo de poca monta = odd-job.
    * trabajo de préstamo de servicios = service job.
    * trabajo de referencia = reference work.
    * trabajo desinteresado = labour of love.
    * trabajo detectivesco = sleuthing.
    * trabajo de toda una vida = life's work, lifework.
    * trabajo diario = day's work, daily work.
    * trabajo doméstico = domestic duty, domestic work, domestic task.
    * trabajo duro = hard labour, thirsty work, hard work.
    * trabajo duro, mucho trabajo = hard graft.
    * trabajo editorial = editorship.
    * trabajo en archivística = archives work.
    * trabajo en colaboración = interworking.
    * trabajo en común = interworking.
    * trabajo en curso = work in progress.
    * trabajo en equipo = teamwork, collaborative teamwork, team management.
    * trabajo en red = networking.
    * trabajo en sucio = rough work.
    * trabajo entre manos, el = work at hand, the.
    * trabajo eventual = jobbing.
    * trabajo físico = physical work.
    * trabajo improductivo = busywork.
    * trabajo individual = independent study, self-study.
    * trabajo infantil = child labour, child work.
    * trabajo ininterrumpido = continuous work.
    * trabajo manual = craft, craft activity, handiwork, manual labour.
    * trabajo monótono = drudge work, drudgery.
    * trabajo + no faltar = have + Posesivo + work cut out for + Pronombre, have + Posesivo + job cut out for + Pronombre.
    * trabajo no remunerado = unpaid work, unremunerated work.
    * trabajo pesado = grind, grinding, donkey work.
    * trabajo por cuenta propia = self-employment.
    * trabajo por libre = freelance [free-lance].
    * trabajo por + Posesivo + cuenta = freelance [free-lance].
    * trabajo por turnos = shift work.
    * trabajo práctico = fieldwork [field work], practical work.
    * trabajo preliminar = groundwork, legwork, spadework [spade work].
    * trabajo previo = groundwork, spadework [spade work].
    * trabajo remunerado = work-for-hire, paid work, paid labour.
    * trabajo rutinario = chore, routine work, mundane task.
    * trabajos = life's work.
    * trabajos de impresión de material efímero = jobbing work.
    * trabajos de rescate = rescue work.
    * trabajos forzados = forced labour, hard labour.
    * trabajo social = social work.
    * trabajo sucio = dirty work.
    * trabajo sumergido = informal work.
    * trabajo temporal = temporary job, casual job.
    * trabajo urgente = hurried work, rush job.
    * trabajo y esfuerzo = toil and trouble.
    * turno de trabajo de atención al usuario = desk duty.
    * un trabajo bien hecho = a job well done.
    * uso compartido de mesas de trabajo = hot desking.
    * útil de trabajo = tool.
    * vida en el trabajo = job life.
    * visita de trabajo = field trip.

    trabajo2
    2 = assignment, student paper, work, project work, term project.

    Ex: The problems and assignments presented are real problems and assignments, and the people involved are real people, all suitably disguised to protect their identity.

    Ex: 5 data collection instruments were used: printouts of data base searches executed by students; a questionnaire; bibliographies from student papers; serial holdings of the university library; and interviews with instructors.
    Ex: An authority entry is an entry for which the initial element is the uniform heading for a person, corporate body, or work, as established by the cataloguing agency responsible.
    Ex: For instance, if children are doing a project work on dogs, they will hunt out anything and everything that so much as mentions them and the bits thus mined are assiduously transcribed into project folders.
    Ex: In 1994, 21 students on an introductory course on communication processes completed analyses of 14 different electronic lists or newsgroups as their term projects.
    * impresor de pequeños trabajos = jobbing house, jobbing office, jobbing printer.
    * mesa de trabajo = writing desk, work desk.
    * preparar un trabajo de clase = research + paper.
    * trabajo de clase = essay assignment, class assignment, course assignment, student assignment, written assignment.
    * trabajo de lectura obligatoria = a must-read.
    * trabajo de restauración = restoration work.
    * trabajo editado = published work.
    * trabajo escolar = school work [schoolwork].
    * trabajo impreso = printed work.
    * trabajo publicado = published work.
    * trabajos de clase = classroom asignment.
    * un trabajo cuqlquiera = casual job.

    * * *
    A
    1
    (empleo): conseguir trabajo to get o find work
    consiguió un trabajo muy bien pagado he got himself a very well-paid job
    hay dos trabajos interesantes en el periódico de hoy there are two interesting vacancies o jobs in today's paper
    se fue a la capital a buscar trabajo he went to the capital to look for work o for a job
    se quedó sin trabajo she lost her job, she was made redundant, she was let go ( AmE)
    no tiene trabajo fijo he doesn't have a steady job
    buscaba trabajo de jornada completa or a tiempo completo or de tiempo completo I was looking for full-time work o for a full-time job
    2 (lugar) work
    está en el trabajo she's at work
    ir al trabajo to go to work
    llámame al trabajo give me a call at work
    la estación queda cerca de mi trabajo the station's close to where I work
    Compuesto:
    work-sharing
    B (actividad, labor) work
    trabajo intelectual intellectual work o brainwork
    su capacidad de trabajo es enorme he has an enormous capacity for work
    la máquina hace el trabajo de cinco personas the machine does the work of five people
    requiere años de trabajo it takes years of work
    todo nuestro trabajo ha sido en vano all our work has been in vain
    es un trabajo especializado/de precisión it's specialized/precision work
    me tocó a mí hacer todo el trabajo I ended up doing all the work, I got stuck o ( BrE) landed with all the work ( colloq)
    hoy no puedo, tengo mucho trabajo I can't today, I have o I've got a lot of work to do
    tengo mucho trabajo acumulado I have a huge backlog of work to do
    este bordado tiene mucho trabajo a lot of work has gone into this embroidery
    ¡buen trabajo! te felicito nice work! well done
    fue premiado por su trabajo en esa película he was given an award for his performance in that movie
    hacer un trabajo de zapa to work o scheme behind the scenes
    le he estado haciendo un trabajo de trabajo y ya lo tengo en el bote I've been quietly working on him o softening him up and now I've got him right where I want him
    Compuestos:
    piece work
    agricultural work
    (CS) work to rule
    fieldwork
    fiddly o laborious job
    labor*
    work experience
    assembly-line work
    mpl hard labor*
    mpl handicrafts (pl)
    social work
    voluntary o ( AmE) volunteer work
    C
    1 (tarea, obra) job
    es un trabajo que no lo puede hacer cualquiera it's not a job that just anyone can do
    limpiar el horno es un trabajo que odio cleaning the oven is a job o chore I hate
    la satisfacción de un trabajo bien hecho the satisfaction of a job well done
    me cobró un dineral por un par de trabajos he charged me a fortune for doing a couple of little jobs o tasks
    2 (obra escrita) piece of work
    un trabajo bien documentado a well-documented piece of work
    estoy haciendo un trabajo sobre Lorca I'm doing a paper/an essay on Lorca
    D
    (esfuerzo): con mucho trabajo consiguió levantarse with great effort she managed to get up
    nos dio mucho trabajo pintarlo painting it was hard work o took a lot of work
    los niños dan mucho trabajo children are hard work o a lot of work
    me cuesta trabajo creerlo I find it hard to believe
    nos costó trabajo convencerla de que viniera we had a hard time persuading her to come
    se tomó/dio el trabajo de venir a buscarme she took the trouble to come and pick me up
    puedes ahorrarte el trabajo de ir hasta allá you can save yourself the trouble o bother of going all the way over there
    E ( Econ) labor*
    el capital y el trabajo capital and labor
    F ( Fís) work
    * * *

     

    Del verbo trabajar: ( conjugate trabajar)

    trabajo es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    trabajó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    trabajar    
    trabajo
    trabajar ( conjugate trabajar) verbo intransitivo
    1 ( en general) to work;

    trabajo jornada completa or a tiempo completo to work full-time;
    trabajo media jornada to work part-time;
    trabajo mucho to work hard;
    ¿en qué trabajas? what do you do (for a living)?;
    estoy trabajando en una novela I'm working on a novel;
    trabajo DE or COMO algo to work as sth
    2 ( actuar) to act, perform;
    ◊ ¿quién trabaja en la película who's in the movie?

    verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ‹campo/tierra/madera› to work


    2 (perfeccionar, pulir) to work on
    trabajo sustantivo masculino
    1
    a) ( empleo) job;

    ◊ buscar trabajo to look for work o for a job;

    quedarse sin trabajo to lose one's job;
    un trabajo fijo a steady job;
    un trabajo de media jornada a part-time job;
    un trabajo de jornada completa or a tiempo completo a full-time job
    b) ( lugar) work;


    ir al trabajo to go to work
    2 (actividad, labor) work;

    el trabajo de la casa housework;
    los niños dan mucho trabajo children are hard work;
    ¡buen trabajo! well done!;
    trabajo de campo fieldwork;
    trabajos forzados hard labor( conjugate labor);
    trabajos manuales handicrafts (pl);
    trabajo voluntario voluntary o (AmE) volunteer work
    3
    a) ( tarea) job;



    (en universidad, escuela) essay
    4 ( esfuerzo):

    me cuesta trabajo creerlo I find it hard to believe
    trabajar
    I verbo intransitivo
    1 to work: trabaja de secretaria, she works as a secretary
    trabaja en los astilleros, she works in the shipyard
    trabaja bien, he's a good worker
    2 Cine (actuar) to act: en esta película trabaja mi actriz favorita, my favourite actress is in this movie
    II verbo transitivo
    1 (pulir, ejercitar, estudiar) to work on: tienes que trabajar más el estilo, you have to work on your style
    2 (la madera) to work
    (un metal) to work
    (la tierra) to work, till
    (cuero) to emboss
    2 (comerciar) to trade, sell: nosotros no trabajamos ese artículo, we don't stock that item
    trabajo sustantivo masculino
    1 work: hoy tengo poco trabajo, I have little work today
    2 (empleo) job: no tiene trabajo, he is unemployed
    3 (esfuerzo) work, effort: nos costó mucho trabajo hacerlo, it was hard to do it
    4 Educ (sobre un tema) paper
    (de manualidades) craft work
    5 (tarea) task
    un trabajo de chinos, a laborious job
    ' trabajo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abarcar
    - abundancia
    - actual
    - adicta
    - adicto
    - afanosa
    - afanoso
    - agencia
    - agobiada
    - agobiado
    - agobiante
    - antigüedad
    - ascender
    - asquerosidad
    - aterrizar
    - balde
    - bestialidad
    - bicoca
    - bolsa
    - bordar
    - buscar
    - cadena
    - calendario
    - calle
    - cambiar
    - campo
    - capear
    - cara
    - cargada
    - cargado
    - caterva
    - chapucera
    - chapucero
    - chapuza
    - chollo
    - colocarse
    - como
    - condición
    - condicionamiento
    - construcción
    - cuanta
    - cuanto
    - cubierta
    - cubierto
    - dar
    - dejar
    - desbandada
    - descansada
    - descansado
    - descargar
    English:
    abandon
    - acclaim
    - actual
    - allocation
    - ambivalent
    - anxiety
    - apathetic
    - application
    - apply
    - apply for
    - apprentice
    - arm-twisting
    - artwork
    - assignment
    - at
    - attack
    - backlog
    - backup
    - barrel
    - be-all and end-all
    - begrudge
    - better
    - blouse
    - blue
    - board
    - bog down
    - boiler suit
    - book
    - botch
    - bother
    - bread-and-butter
    - bulk
    - burn out
    - bury
    - busywork
    - by
    - capacity
    - careless
    - carry over
    - casual
    - catch up
    - chapter
    - choose
    - chuck in
    - clerical
    - collaboration
    - colleague
    - comedown
    - commute
    - commuter
    * * *
    1. [tarea, actividad, práctica] work;
    tengo mucho trabajo que hacer I've got a lot of work to do;
    una casa tan grande da mucho trabajo a big house like that is a lot of work;
    uno de los últimos trabajos de Diego Rivera one of Diego Rivera's last works;
    recibió un Óscar por su trabajo en “Cabaret” she received an Oscar for (her performance in) “Cabaret”;
    ¡buen trabajo! good work!;
    hacer un buen trabajo to do a good job;
    ser un trabajo de chinos [minucioso] to be a fiddly o finicky job;
    [pesado] to be hard work trabajo de campo fieldwork;
    trabajo de o en equipo teamwork;
    trabajo físico physical work, manual labour;
    trabajos forzados o forzosos hard labour;
    trabajo intelectual intellectual work;
    trabajo manual manual labour;
    trabajos manuales [en el colegio] arts and crafts;
    trabajo de oficina office job;
    trabajo remunerado paid work;
    trabajo social social work;
    trabajo sucio dirty work;
    trabajo temporal temporary work;
    trabajo por turnos shiftwork;
    trabajo voluntario voluntary work
    2. [empleo] job;
    buscar/encontrar trabajo to look for/find work o a job;
    no tener trabajo, estar sin trabajo to be out of work;
    me he quedado sin trabajo I've been left without a job, I'm out of work;
    tener un trabajo fijo to have a permanent job
    3. [lugar] work;
    en el trabajo at work;
    ir al trabajo to go to work;
    ¿quieres que pase a recogerte al trabajo? do you want me to pick you up from work?
    4. [escrito] [por estudiante] essay, paper;
    hacer un trabajo sobre algo/alguien to write an essay on sth/sb
    5. [esfuerzo] effort;
    lograron sacar el armario con mucho trabajo they managed to remove the wardrobe, but not without a lot of effort o but it was no easy task;
    costar mucho trabajo (a alguien) to take (sb) a lot of effort;
    me cuesta mucho trabajo levantarme por las mañanas I find it a real struggle getting up in the morning;
    cuesta trabajo admitir que uno se ha equivocado it's not easy to admit that you're wrong;
    tomarse el trabajo de hacer algo to go to o take the trouble of doing sth
    6. Econ & Pol labour
    7. Fís work
    8. Literario
    trabajos [apuros] hardships;
    pasar trabajos to suffer hardships
    * * *
    m work; ( tarea, puesto) job;
    buscar trabajo be looking for work, be looking for a job;
    tengo un buen trabajo I have a good job;
    costar trabajo be hard o difficult;
    tomarse el trabajo de take the trouble to
    * * *
    1) : work, job
    2) labor: labor, work
    tengo mucho trabajo: I have a lot of work to do
    3) tarea: task
    4) esfuerza: effort
    5)
    costar trabajo : to be difficult
    6)
    tomarse el trabajo : to take the trouble
    7)
    trabajo en equipo : teamwork
    8) trabajos nmpl
    : hardships, difficulties
    * * *
    1. (actividad, esfuerzo) work
    2. (empleo, tarea) job
    3. (lugar) work
    4. (redacción) essay / project

    Spanish-English dictionary > trabajo

  • 12 good

    1. adjective,
    1) (satisfactory) gut; (reliable) gut; zuverlässig; (sufficient) gut; ausreichend [Vorrat]; ausgiebig [Mahl]; (competent) gut; geeignet

    his good eye/leg — sein gesundes Auge/Bein

    Late again! It's just not good enough! — (coll.) Schon wieder zu spät. So geht es einfach nicht!

    be good at something — in etwas (Dat.) gut sein

    speak good English — gut[es] Englisch sprechen

    be good with people — etc. mit Menschen usw. gut od. leicht zurechtkommen

    2) (favourable, advantageous) gut; günstig [Gelegenheit, Augenblick, Angebot]

    too good to be true — zu schön, um wahr zu sein

    the good thing about it is that... — das Gute daran ist, dass...

    you can have too much of a good thing — man kann es auch übertreiben

    be good for somebody/something — gut für jemanden/etwas sein

    eat more than is good for one — mehr essen, als einem guttut

    it's a good thing you told him — nur gut, dass du es ihm gesagt hast

    3) (prosperous) gut
    4) (enjoyable) schön [Leben, Urlaub, Wochenende]

    the good old days — die gute alte Zeit

    the good life — das angenehme[, sorglose] Leben

    have a good time! — viel Spaß od. Vergnügen!

    it's good to be home again — es ist schön, wieder zu Hause zu sein

    5) (cheerful) gut; angenehm [Patient]

    good humour or spirits or mood — gute Laune

    I'm not feeling too good — (coll.) mir geht es nicht sehr gut

    6) (well-behaved) gut; brav

    be good!, be a good girl/boy! — sei brav od. lieb!

    [as] good as gold — ganz artig od. brav

    7) (virtuous) rechtschaffen; (kind) nett; gut [Absicht, Wünsche, Benehmen, Tat]

    would you be so good as to or good enough to do that? — wären Sie so freundlich od. nett, das zu tun?

    that/it is good of you — das/es ist nett od. lieb von dir

    8) (commendable) gut

    good for you — etc. (coll.) bravo!

    good old Jim — etc. (coll.) der gute alte Jim usw. (ugs.)

    my good man/friend — (coll.) mein lieber Herr/Freund (ugs.; auch iron.)

    that's a good one — (coll.) der ist gut! (ugs.); (iron.) das ist'n Ding! (ugs.)

    9) (attractive) schön; gut [Figur, Haltung]; gepflegt [Erscheinung, Äußeres]; wohlgeformt [Beine]
    10) (thorough) gut

    have a good weep/rest/sleep — sich richtig ausweinen/ausruhen/[sich] richtig ausschlafen (ugs.)

    11) (considerable) [recht] ansehnlich [Menschenmenge]; ganz schön, ziemlich (ugs.) [Stück Wegs, Entfernung, Zeitraum, Strecke]; gut, anständig [Preis, Erlös]; hoch [Alter]
    12) (sound, valid) gut [Grund, Rat, Gedanke]; berechtigt [Anspruch]; (Commerc.) solide [Kunde]; sicher [Anleihe, Kredit]

    good sense — Vernünftigkeit, die

    have the good sense to do something — so vernünftig sein, etwas zu tun

    13) (in greetings)

    good afternoon/day — guten Tag!

    good evening/morning — guten Abend/Morgen!

    14) in exclamation gut

    very good, sir — sehr wohl!

    good God/Lord — etc. see nouns

    15) (best) gut [Geschirr, Anzug]
    16) (correct, fitting) gut; (appropriate) angebracht; ratsam
    17)

    as good as — so gut wie

    18)

    make good — (succeed) erfolgreich sein; (effect) in die Tat umsetzen; ausführen [Plan]; erfüllen [Versprechen]; (compensate for) wieder gutmachen [Fehler]; (indemnify) ersetzen [Schaden, Ausgaben]. See also academic.ru/6608/best">best 1.; better 1.

    2. adverb as intensifier
    (coll.)

    good and... — richtig...

    hit somebody good and proper — jemanden ordentlich verprügeln. See also best 2.; better 2.

    3. noun
    1) (use) Nutzen, der

    be some good to somebody/something — jemandem/einer Sache nützen

    he'll never be any good — aus dem wird nichts Gutes werden

    be no good to somebody/something — für jemanden/etwas nicht zu gebrauchen sein

    it is no/not much good doing something — es hat keinen/kaum einen Sinn, etwas zu tun

    what's the good of...?, what good is...? — was nützt...?

    2) (benefit)

    for your/his etc. own good — zu deinem/seinem usw. Besten od. eigenen Vorteil

    for the good of mankind/the country — zum Wohl[e] der Menschheit/des Landes

    do no/little good — nichts/wenig helfen od. nützen

    do somebody/something good — jemandem/einer Sache nützen; [Ruhe, Erholung:] jemandem/einer Sache gut tun; [Arznei:] jemandem/einer Sache helfen

    I'll tell him, but what good will that do? — ich sag es ihm, aber was nützt od. hilft das schon?

    come home £10 to the good — mit 10 Pfund plus nach Hause kommen

    3) (goodness) Gute, das

    the difference between good and bad or evil — der Unterschied zwischen Gut und Böse

    4) (kind acts) Gute, das

    be up to no good — nichts Gutes im Sinn haben od. im Schilde führen

    5)

    for good [and all] — (finally) ein für allemal; (permanently) für immer [und ewig]; endgültig

    6) constr. as pl. (virtuous people)
    7) in pl. (wares etc.) Waren; (Brit. Railw.) Fracht, die; attrib. Güter[bahnhof, -wagen, -zug]
    8) in pl.

    the goods — (coll.): (what is wanted) das Gewünschte; das Verlangte

    deliver the goods — (fig.) halten, was man verspricht

    * * *
    [ɡud] 1. comparative - better; adjective
    1) (well-behaved; not causing trouble etc: Be good!; She's a good baby.) gut
    2) (correct, desirable etc: She was a good wife; good manners; good English.) gut
    3) (of high quality: good food/literature; His singing is very good.) gut
    4) (skilful; able to do something well: a good doctor; good at tennis; good with children.) geschickt
    5) (kind: You've been very good to him; a good father.) gut
    6) (helpful; beneficial: Exercise is good for you.; Cheese is good for you.) gut
    7) (pleased, happy etc: I'm in a good mood today.) gut
    8) (pleasant; enjoyable: to read a good book; Ice-cream is good to eat.) gut
    9) (considerable; enough: a good salary; She talked a good deal of nonsense.) reichlich
    10) (suitable: a good man for the job.) geeignet
    11) (sound, fit: good health; good eyesight; a car in good condition.) gut
    12) (sensible: Can you think of one good reason for doing that?) gut
    13) (showing approval: We've had very good reports about you.) gut
    14) (thorough: a good clean.) gewissenhaft
    15) (healthy or in a positive mood: I don't feel very good this morning.) gut
    2. noun
    1) (advantage or benefit: He worked for the good of the poor; for your own good; What's the good of a broken-down car?) der Nutzen
    2) (goodness: I always try to see the good in people.) das Gute
    3. interjection
    (an expression of approval, gladness etc.) gut!
    4. interjection
    ((also my goodness) an expression of surprise etc.) du meine Güte!
    - goods
    - goody
    - goodbye
    - good-day
    - good evening
    - good-for-nothing
    - good humour
    - good-humoured
    - good-humouredly
    - good-looking
    - good morning
    - good afternoon
    - good-day
    - good evening
    - good night
    - good-natured
    - goodwill
    - good will
    - good works
    - as good as
    - be as good as one's word
    - be up to no good
    - deliver the goods
    - for good
    - for goodness' sake
    - good for
    - good for you
    - him
    - Good Friday
    - good gracious
    - good heavens
    - goodness gracious
    - goodness me
    - good old
    - make good
    - no good
    - put in a good word for
    - take something in good part
    - take in good part
    - thank goodness
    - to the good
    * * *
    [gʊd]
    <better, best>
    1. (of high quality) gut
    there's nothing like a \good book es geht nichts über ein gutes Buch
    she speaks \good Spanish sie spricht gut Spanisch
    dogs have a \good sense of smell Hunde haben einen guten Geruchssinn
    he's got \good intuition about such matters er hat in diesen Dingen ein gutes Gespür
    your reasons make \good sense but... deine Gründe sind durchaus einleuchtend, aber...
    \good show [or job]! gut gemacht!
    I need a \good meal now jetzt brauche ich was Ordentliches zu essen!
    the child had the \good sense to... das Kind besaß die Geistesgegenwart...
    he only has one \good leg er hat nur ein gesundes Bein
    that's a \good one ( iron) haha, der war gut! iron
    \good appetite gesunder Appetit
    to be a \good catch eine gute Partie sein
    a \good choice/decision eine gute Wahl/Entscheidung
    \good ears/eyes gute Ohren/Augen
    to do a \good job gute Arbeit leisten
    to be in \good shape in guter [körperlicher] Verfassung sein
    \good thinking gute Idee
    \good timing gutes Timing
    to be/not be \good enough gut/nicht gut genug sein
    that's just not \good enough! so geht das nicht!
    if she says so that's \good enough for me wenn sie es sagt, reicht mir das
    to be \good for nothing zu nichts taugen
    to feel \good sich akk gut fühlen
    I don't feel too \good today heute geht's mir nicht besonders fam
    2. (skilled) gut, begabt
    ▪ to be \good at sth gut in etw dat sein
    he's a \good runner [or he's \good at running] er ist ein guter Läufer
    she's very \good at learning foreign languages sie ist sehr sprachbegabt
    he's not very \good at maths [or AM in math] er ist nicht besonders gut in Mathe
    this book is \good on international export law dieses Buch ist sehr gut, wenn man etwas über internationale Exportbestimmungen erfahren möchte
    he is particularly \good on American history besonders gut kennt er sich in amerikanischer Geschichte aus
    ▪ to be \good with sth with children mit etw dat gut umgehen können
    to be \good with one's hands geschickt mit seinen Händen sein
    to be \good in bed gut im Bett sein fam
    to be \good with people gut mit Leuten umgehen können
    3. (pleasant) schön
    that was a really \good story, Mummy das war echt eine tolle Geschichte, Mama fam
    that was the best party in a long time das war die beste Party seit Langem
    it's \good to see [or seeing] you after all these years schön, dich nach all den Jahren wiederzusehen!
    \good morning/evening guten Morgen/Abend
    \good day esp BRIT, AUS guten Tag; ( dated: said at departure) guten Tag
    to have a \good day/evening einen schönen Tag/Abend haben
    have a \good day schönen Tag noch!
    \good news gute Neuigkeiten
    to have a \good time [viel] Spaß haben
    \good weather schönes Wetter
    to have a \good one ( fam) einen schönen Tag haben
    4. (appealing to senses) gut, schön
    after a two-week vacation, they came back with \good tans nach zwei Wochen Urlaub kamen sie gut gebräunt zurück
    most dancers have \good legs die meisten Tänzer haben schöne Beine
    to look/smell/sound/taste \good gut aussehen/riechen/klingen/schmecken
    sb looks \good in sth clothes etw steht jdm
    to have \good looks, to be \good-looking gut aussehen
    he made a very \good impression at the interview er hat beim Vorstellungsgespräch einen sehr guten Eindruck gemacht
    there's a \good chance [that]... die Chancen stehen gut, dass...
    we got a \good deal on our new fridge wir haben unseren neuen Kühlschrank günstig erstanden
    the play got \good reviews [or a \good press] das Stück hat gute Kritiken bekommen
    it's a \good job we didn't go camping last weekend — the weather was awful zum Glück sind wir letztes Wochenende nicht campen gegangen — das Wetter war schrecklich
    the \good life das süße Leben
    \good luck [on sth] viel Glück [bei etw dat]
    best of luck on your exams today! alles Gute für deine Prüfung heute!
    a \good omen ein gutes Omen
    to be too much of a \good thing zu viel des Guten sein
    you can have too much of a \good thing man kann es auch übertreiben
    \good times gute Zeiten
    to be too \good to be true zu schön, um wahr zu sein
    to have [got] it \good ( fam) es gut haben
    6. (beneficial) vorteilhaft
    ▪ to be \good for sb gut für jdn sein
    milk is \good for you Milch ist gesund
    to be \good for business/for headaches gut fürs Geschäft/gegen Kopfschmerzen sein
    7. (useful) nützlich, sinnvoll
    we had a \good discussion on the subject wir hatten eine klärende Diskussion über die Sache
    it's \good that you checked the door gut, dass du die Tür nochmal überprüft hast
    8. (on time)
    in \good time rechtzeitig
    be patient, you'll hear the result all in \good time seien Sie geduldig, Sie erfahren das Ergebnis noch früh genug
    in one's own \good time in seinem eigenen Rhythmus
    to be a \good time to do sth ein guter Zeitpunkt sein, [um] etw zu tun
    10. inv (kind) freundlich, lieb
    the college has been very \good about her health problem die Hochschule zeigte sehr viel Verständnis für ihr gesundheitliches Problem
    it was very \good of you to help us es war sehr lieb von dir, uns zu helfen
    he's got a \good heart er hat ein gutes Herz
    be so \good as to... sei doch bitte so nett und...
    would you be \good enough to... wären Sie so nett und...
    \good deeds/works gute Taten
    to do a \good deed eine gute Tat tun
    11. (moral) gut
    the G\good Book die [heilige] Bibel
    for a \good cause für einen guten Zweck
    to set a \good example to sb jdm ein gutes Vorbild sein
    sb's \good name/reputation jds guter Name/guter Ruf
    to be [as] \good as one's word vertrauenswürdig sein
    \good dog! braver Hund!
    be a \good girl and... sei ein liebes Mädchen [o sei so lieb] und...
    OK, I'll be a \good sport o.k., ich will mal kein Spielverderber sein
    she's been as \good as gold all evening sie hat sich den ganzen Abend über ausgezeichnet benommen
    to be on \good/one's best behaviour sich akk gut benehmen/von seiner besten Seite zeigen
    \good loser guter Verlierer/gute Verliererin
    13. attr, inv (thorough) gut, gründlich
    the house needs a \good clean[ing] das Haus sollte mal gründlich geputzt werden
    have a \good think about it lass es dir noch einmal gut durch den Kopf gehen
    now, now — have a \good cry schon gut — wein dich mal so richtig aus
    they have built a \good case against the suspect sie haben einen hieb- und stichfesten Fall gegen den Verdächtigen aufgebaut
    we had some \good fun at the amusement park wir hatten so richtig viel Spaß im Vergnügungspark
    a \good beating eine gründliche Tracht Prügel
    to have a \good laugh ordentlich lachen
    to have a \good look at sth sich dat etw genau ansehen
    a \good talking to eine Standpauke
    14. pred, inv (valid) gültig; (not forged) banknote echt; (usable) gut
    this car should be \good for another year or so dieses Auto hält wohl schon noch ein Jahr oder so
    he gave us a gift certificate \good for $100 er hat uns einen Geschenkgutschein über 100 Dollar überreicht
    this ticket is only \good on weekends dieses Ticket gilt nur an Wochenenden
    my credit card is only \good for another month meine Kreditkarte ist nur noch einen Monat gültig
    15. attr, inv (substantial) beträchtlich
    we walked a \good distance today wir sind heute ein ordentliches Stück gelaufen
    she makes \good money at her new job sie verdient in ihrem neuen Job gutes Geld
    it's a \good half hour's walk to the station from here von hier bis zum Bahnhof ist es zu Fuß eine gute halbe Stunde
    a \good deal jede Menge
    you're looking a \good deal better now du siehst jetzt ein gutes Stück besser aus
    to make a \good profit einen beträchtlichen Profit machen
    a \good few/many eine ganze Menge
    16. pred, inv FOOD (not rotten) gut
    17. pred, inv (able to provide) gut
    he is always \good for a laugh er ist immer gut für einen Witz
    thanks for the loan and don't worry, I'm \good for it danke für den Kredit und keine Sorge, ich zahle ihn zurück
    her credit is \good sie ist kreditwürdig
    ▪ as \good as... so gut wie...
    our firewood is as \good as gone unser Feuerholz ist nahezu aufgebraucht
    to be as \good as dead/new so gut wie tot/neu sein
    they as \good as called me a liar sie nannten mich praktisch eine Lügnerin!
    19. attr, inv (to emphasize) schön
    I need a \good long holiday ich brauche mal wieder so einen richtig schönen langen Urlaub!
    what you need is a \good hot cup of coffee was du brauchst, ist eine gute Tasse heißen Kaffee
    ▪ \good and...:
    she's really \good and mad sie ist so richtig sauer
    I'll do it when I'm \good and ready, and not one minute before ich mache es, sobald ich fertig bin und keine Minute früher!
    20. BRIT (said to accept order)
    very \good sehr wohl! veraltet
    \good Lord [or heavens]! gütiger Himmel! geh
    \good gracious! ach du liebe Zeit!
    \good grief! du meine Güte!
    \good egg! BRIT ( dated) ausgezeichnet!; ( iron)
    oh, — \good for you! oh, schön für dich! iron
    22. attr, inv (said to express affection)
    \good old James! der gute alte James!
    the \good old days die gute alte Zeit
    23.
    ▶ if you can't be \good, be careful ( prov) wenn man schon was anstellt, sollte man sich wenigstens nicht [dabei] erwischen lassen
    ▶ it's as \good as it gets besser wird's nicht mehr
    ▶ to give as \good as one gets es [jdm] mit gleicher Münze heimzahlen
    ▶ \good to go fertig, bereit
    ▶ to have a \good innings BRIT ein schönes Leben haben
    ▶ to make \good zu Geld kommen
    ▶ to make sth ⇆ \good (repair) etw reparieren; mistake etw wiedergutmachen; (pay for) etw wettmachen fam; (do successfully) etw schaffen
    ▶ to make \good time gut in der Zeit liegen
    ▶ for \good measure als Draufgabe, obendrein
    ▶ \good riddance Gott sei Dank!
    ▶ she's \good for another few years! mit ihr muss man noch ein paar Jahre rechnen!
    II. ADVERB
    1. esp AM DIAL ( fam: well) gut
    boy, she can sure sing \good, can't she? Junge, die kann aber gut singen, oder?
    2. ( fam: thoroughly) gründlich
    to do sth \good and proper etw richtig gründlich tun
    well, you've broken the table \good and proper na, den Tisch hast du aber so richtig ruiniert!
    III. NOUN
    1. (moral force) Gute nt
    \good and evil Gut und Böse
    to be up to no \good nichts Gutes im Schilde führen
    to do \good Gutes tun
    ▪ the \good pl die Guten pl
    2. (benefit) Wohl nt
    this medicine will do you a [or the] world of \good diese Medizin wird Ihnen unglaublich gut tun
    to do more harm than \good mehr schaden als nützen
    for the \good of his health zum Wohle seiner Gesundheit, seiner Gesundheit zuliebe
    for the \good of the nation zum Wohle der Nation
    for one's own \good zu seinem eigenen Besten
    3. (purpose) Nutzen m
    to be no [or not to be any] /not much \good nichts/wenig nützen
    that young man is no \good dieser junge Mann ist ein Taugenichts
    to not do much/any \good nicht viel/nichts nützen
    even a small donation can do a lot of \good auch eine kleine Spende kann eine Menge helfen
    that won't do much \good das wird auch nicht viel nützen
    it's no \good complaining all day den ganzen Tag rumzujammern bringt auch nichts! fam
    what \good is sitting alone in your room? was bringt es, hier alleine in deinem Zimmer zu sitzen?; ( iron)
    a lot of \good that'll do [you]! das wird [dir] ja viel nützen! iron
    4. (profit)
    we were £7,000 to the \good when we sold our house als wir unser Haus verkauften, haben wir einen Gewinn von 7.000 Pfund eingestrichen; ( fig)
    he was two gold medals to the \good by the end of the day am Ende des Tages war er um zwei Goldmedaillen reicher
    5. (ability)
    ▪ to be no \good at sth etw nicht gut können, bei etw dat nicht [sonderlich] gut sein
    6. COMM Gut nt, Ware f
    7.
    ▶ for \good [and all] für immer [und ewig]
    * * *
    [gʊd]
    1. ADJECTIVE
    comp better, superl best
    1) gut

    that's a good one! (joke) — das ist ein guter Witz; ( usu iro : excuse ) wers glaubt, wird selig! (inf)

    he tells a good story —

    you've never had it so good! — es ist euch noch nie so gut gegangen, ihr habt es noch nie so gut gehabt

    it's too good to be true — es ist zu schön, um wahr zu sein

    this is as good as it gets — besser wirds nicht mehr __diams; to be good at sth gut in etw (dat) sein

    to be good at sport/languages — gut im Sport/in Sprachen sein

    to be good at sewing/typing — gut nähen/tippen können

    that's not good enough, you'll have to do better than that — das geht so nicht, du musst dich schon etwas mehr anstrengen

    if he gives his word, that's good enough for me — wenn er sein Wort gibt, reicht mir das

    her work/conduct is just not good enough —

    they felt he wasn't good enough for her — sie waren der Meinung, dass er nicht gut genug für sie war

    I don't feel too good — mir ist nicht gut, ich fühle mich nicht wohl

    you look good in that — du siehst gut darin aus, das steht dir gut __diams; to make good mistake, damage wiedergutmachen; threat wahr machen; promise erfüllen

    to make good one's losses — seine Verluste wettmachen

    as good as new —

    he as good as called me a liar/invited me to come — er nannte mich praktisch einen Lügner/hat mich praktisch eingeladen

    2) = beneficial gut

    milk is good for children to be good for toothache/one's health — Milch ist gut or gesund für Kinder gut gegen Zahnschmerzen/für die Gesundheit sein

    to drink more than is good for one — mehr trinken, als einem guttut

    what's good for consumers isn't always good for the economy — was gut für den Verbraucher ist, ist nicht immer gut für die Wirtschaft

    3) = favourable moment, chance, opportunity günstig, gut

    it's a good thing or job I was there — (nur) gut, dass ich dort war

    4) = enjoyable holiday, evening schön

    did you have a good day? — wie wars heute?, wie gings (dir) heute?

    5) = kind gut, lieb

    (it was) good of you to come — nett, dass Sie gekommen sind

    would you be good enough to tell me... — wären Sie so nett, mir zu sagen... (also iro)

    6) = virtuous name, manners, behaviour gut

    if you can't be good, be careful — wenn du es schon tun musst, sei wenigstens vorsichtig

    7) = well-behaved artig, brav (inf)

    be a good girl/boy — sei artig or lieb or brav (inf)

    be a good girl/boy and... — sei so lieb und...

    8)

    = admirable your good lady (dated) my good man (dated) — Ihre werte Gemahlin (geh) mein Guter (old)

    good man! — sehr löblich!, gut gemacht!

    the Good Book —

    9) = valid advice, excuse gut; reason gut, triftig; ticket gültig
    10) = handsome looks, figure, features gut; legs, body schön
    11) = uninjured eye, leg gesund
    12) = thorough gut, gründlich, tüchtig (inf)

    to have a good laugh — ordentlich or so richtig lachen (inf)

    13) = considerable hour, while gut; amount, distance, way gut, schön

    a good many/few people — ziemlich viele/nicht gerade wenig Leute

    14) in greetings gut
    15) in exclamations gut, prima

    that's good! — gut!, prima!

    (it's) good to see you/to be here — (es ist) schön, dich zu sehen/hier zu sein

    very good, sir — sehr wohl (old)

    on you/him etc! — gut!, prima!; (iro also) das ist ja toll!

    16) emphatic use schön

    a good strong stick —

    good and hard/strong (inf) — ganz schön fest/stark (inf)

    2. ADVERB
    1) = fine gut

    how are you? – good! — wie gehts? – gut!

    2) = well strictly incorrect gut
    3. NOUN
    1) = what is morally right Gute(s) nt

    to do good —

    2) = advantage, benefit Wohl nt

    this affects us, for good or ill —

    it's done now, for good or ill — es ist nun einmal geschehen

    I did it for your own good — ich meine es nur gut mit dir, es war nur zu deinem Besten

    to do sb good — jdm helfen; (rest, drink, medicine etc) jdm guttun

    much good may it do you (iro inf) — na, dann viel Vergnügen!

    that won't do much/any good — das hilft auch nicht viel/auch nichts

    that won't do you much/any good — das hilft dir auch nicht viel/auch nichts

    a ( fat) lot of good that will do! (iro inf) — als ob das viel helfen würde! (iro)

    3)

    = use what's the good of hurrying? — wozu eigentlich die Eile?

    it's no good complaining to me — es ist sinnlos or es nützt nichts, sich bei mir zu beklagen

    it's no good doing it like that — es hat keinen Sinn, das so zu machen

    I'm no good at things like that —

    he wasn't any good for the job —

    4)

    set structures __diams; for good (= for ever) for good (and all) — für immer (und ewig)

    we were 5 points/£5 to the good — wir hatten 5 Punkte zu viel/£ 5 plus

    * * *
    good [ɡud]
    A s
    1. Nutzen m, Wert m, Vorteil m:
    for his own good zu seinem eigenen Vorteil;
    he knows too much for his own good er weiß mehr, als ihm guttut;
    what good will it do?, what is the good of it?, what good is it? was hat es für einen Wert?, was nützt es?, wozu soll das gut sein?;
    it is no (not much) good trying es hat keinen (wenig) Sinn oder Zweck, es zu versuchen;
    a) besonders WIRTSCH als Gewinn- oder Kreditsaldo,
    b) obendrein, extra ( → A 2);
    for good (and all) für immer, endgültig, ein für alle Mal
    2. (das) Gute, Gutes n, Wohl n:
    a) jemandem Gutes tun,
    b) jemandem guttun oder wohltun;
    much good may it do you oft iron wohl bekomms!;
    the common good das Gemeinwohl;
    be to the good nur zu seinem etc Besten sein;
    come to good zum Guten ausschlagen;
    it’s all to the good es ist nur von Vorteil ( that dass)( → A 1);
    it comes to no good es führt zu nichts Gutem;
    be up to no good nichts Gutes im Schilde führen;
    for good or for evil auf Gedeih und Verderb
    3. the good koll die Guten pl, die Rechtschaffenen pl
    4. PHIL (das) Gute
    5. pl bewegliches Vermögen:
    a) Hab n und Gut n, bewegliche Sachen, Mobiliargut n,
    b) umg Siebensachen
    6. pl WIRTSCH
    a) Br ( besonders Eisenbahn)Güter pl, Fracht(gut) f(n)
    b) (Handels)Güter pl, (Handels)Ware(n) f(pl):
    goods for consumption Verbrauchs-, Konsumgüter;
    goods in process Halbfabrikate, -erzeugnisse;
    a piece of goods sl eine Mieze;
    have the goods on sb US sl etwas gegen jemanden in der Hand haben. → deliver A 2
    7. pl US Stoffe pl, Textilien pl
    8. the goods sl das Richtige, das Wahre:
    that’s the goods!
    B adj komp better [ˈbetə(r)], sup best [best]
    1. (moralisch) gut, redlich, rechtschaffen, ehrbar, anständig (Mädchen etc):
    good men and true redliche und treue Männer;
    a good father and husband ein guter oder treu sorgender Vater und Gatte;
    she is a good wife to him sie ist ihm eine gute Frau
    2. gut (Qualität):
    3. gut, frisch, genießbar:
    is this meat still good?;
    a good egg ein frisches Ei
    4. gut, lieb, gütig, freundlich:
    good to the poor gut zu den Armen;
    be so ( oder as) good as to fetch it sei so gut und hol es, hol es doch bitte; → enough C
    5. gut, lieb, artig, brav (Kind):
    have you been a good girl? bist du (schön) brav gewesen?; → gold A 1
    6. verehrt, lieb:
    his good lady oft iron seine liebe Frau;
    my good man oft iron mein Lieber!, mein lieber Freund oder Mann!
    7. gut, geachtet:
    of good family aus guter Familie
    8. gut, einwandfrei (Betragen etc): → certificate A 1
    9. a) gut, erfreulich, angenehm (Nachrichten etc):
    be good news umg erfreulich sein (Sache); nett sein (Person);
    have a good time sich (gut) amüsieren; es sich gut gehen lassen; → afternoon A, morning A 1, etc
    b) schön:
    it’s good to be home again;
    too good to be true zu schön, um wahr zu sein
    10. gut:
    a) geeignet, vorteilhaft, günstig, nützlich
    b) gesund, zuträglich
    c) heilsam:
    a man good for the post ein geeigneter oder guter Mann für den Posten;
    good for colds gut gegen oder für Erkältungen;
    milk is good for children Milch ist gut oder gesund für Kinder;
    good for one’s health gesund;
    what is it good for? wofür ist es gut?, wozu dient es?;
    it is a good thing that … es ist gut oder günstig, dass …;
    stay away if you know what’s good for you! das rate ich dir im Guten!;
    he drank more than was good for him als ihm guttat; → nothing Bes Redew
    11. gut, richtig, recht, angebracht, empfehlenswert, zweckmäßig:
    in good time zur rechten Zeit, (gerade) rechtzeitig;
    all in good time alles zu seiner Zeit;
    in one’s own good time wenn es einem passt
    12. gut, angemessen, ausreichend, zufriedenstellend;
    his word is good enough for me sein Wort genügt mir;
    his time is only good enough for 4th place SPORT seine Zeit reicht nur für den 4. Platz
    13. gut, reichlich:
    a good hour eine gute Stunde;
    it’s a good three miles to the station es sind gut drei Meilen bis zum Bahnhof
    14. gut, ziemlich (weit, groß), beträchtlich, bedeutend, erheblich, ansehnlich:
    a good many eine beträchtliche Anzahl, ziemlich viele;
    a good many times ziemlich oft; → beating 2, way1 5, while A
    15. (vor adj) verstärkend:
    a good long time sehr lange Zeit;
    good old age hohes Alter;
    good and … sehr, ganz schön, mordsmäßig umg (z. B. good and tired hundemüde umg)
    16. gültig:
    a) begründet, berechtigt (Anspruch etc)
    b) triftig, gut (Grund etc):
    a good argument ein stichhaltiges Argument; → cause A 2, reason A 1
    c) echt (Geld)
    17. gut, überzeugt (Republikaner etc)
    18. gut, fähig, tüchtig:
    he is good at arithmetic er ist gut im Rechnen;
    he is good at golf er spielt gut Golf;
    be good with one’s hands handwerkliches Geschick haben
    19. gut, zuverlässig, sicher, solide ( alle auch WIRTSCH):
    a good firm eine gute oder solide oder zahlungsfähige oder kreditwürdige Firma;
    a good man WIRTSCH umg ein sicherer Mann (Kunde etc);
    good debts WIRTSCH sichere Schulden;
    good for WIRTSCH (auf einem Wechsel) über den Betrag von ( → B 23);
    be good for any amount WIRTSCH für jeden Betrag gut sein
    20. WIRTSCH in Ordnung (Scheck)
    21. JUR (rechts)gültig
    22. wirklich, aufrichtig, ehrlich, echt: → faith 3
    23. umg good for fähig oder geneigt zu:
    I am good for a walk ich habe Lust zu einem Spaziergang;
    I am good for another mile ich könnte noch eine Meile weitermarschieren;
    my car is good for another 10,000 miles mein Wagen macht noch leicht 10 000 Meilen ( → B 19)
    C adv
    1. umg gut:
    2. as good as so gut wie, praktisch:
    as good as new auch neuwertig
    D int gut!, schön!, fein!:
    good for you! umg (ich) gratuliere!
    G abk
    2. ELEK conductance
    3. good
    * * *
    1. adjective,
    1) (satisfactory) gut; (reliable) gut; zuverlässig; (sufficient) gut; ausreichend [Vorrat]; ausgiebig [Mahl]; (competent) gut; geeignet

    his good eye/leg — sein gesundes Auge/Bein

    Late again! It's just not good enough! — (coll.) Schon wieder zu spät. So geht es einfach nicht!

    be good at something — in etwas (Dat.) gut sein

    speak good English — gut[es] Englisch sprechen

    be good with people — etc. mit Menschen usw. gut od. leicht zurechtkommen

    2) (favourable, advantageous) gut; günstig [Gelegenheit, Augenblick, Angebot]

    too good to be true — zu schön, um wahr zu sein

    the good thing about it is that... — das Gute daran ist, dass...

    be good for somebody/something — gut für jemanden/etwas sein

    eat more than is good for one — mehr essen, als einem guttut

    it's a good thing you told him — nur gut, dass du es ihm gesagt hast

    4) (enjoyable) schön [Leben, Urlaub, Wochenende]

    the good life — das angenehme[, sorglose] Leben

    have a good time! — viel Spaß od. Vergnügen!

    it's good to be home again — es ist schön, wieder zu Hause zu sein

    5) (cheerful) gut; angenehm [Patient]

    good humour or spirits or mood — gute Laune

    I'm not feeling too good — (coll.) mir geht es nicht sehr gut

    6) (well-behaved) gut; brav

    be good!, be a good girl/boy! — sei brav od. lieb!

    [as] good as gold — ganz artig od. brav

    7) (virtuous) rechtschaffen; (kind) nett; gut [Absicht, Wünsche, Benehmen, Tat]

    would you be so good as to or good enough to do that? — wären Sie so freundlich od. nett, das zu tun?

    that/it is good of you — das/es ist nett od. lieb von dir

    good for you — etc. (coll.) bravo!

    good old Jim — etc. (coll.) der gute alte Jim usw. (ugs.)

    my good man/friend — (coll.) mein lieber Herr/Freund (ugs.; auch iron.)

    that's a good one — (coll.) der ist gut! (ugs.); (iron.) das ist'n Ding! (ugs.)

    9) (attractive) schön; gut [Figur, Haltung]; gepflegt [Erscheinung, Äußeres]; wohlgeformt [Beine]
    10) (thorough) gut

    have a good weep/rest/sleep — sich richtig ausweinen/ausruhen/[sich] richtig ausschlafen (ugs.)

    11) (considerable) [recht] ansehnlich [Menschenmenge]; ganz schön, ziemlich (ugs.) [Stück Wegs, Entfernung, Zeitraum, Strecke]; gut, anständig [Preis, Erlös]; hoch [Alter]
    12) (sound, valid) gut [Grund, Rat, Gedanke]; berechtigt [Anspruch]; (Commerc.) solide [Kunde]; sicher [Anleihe, Kredit]

    good sense — Vernünftigkeit, die

    have the good sense to do something — so vernünftig sein, etwas zu tun

    good afternoon/day — guten Tag!

    good evening/morning — guten Abend/Morgen!

    14) in exclamation gut

    very good, sir — sehr wohl!

    good God/Lord — etc. see nouns

    15) (best) gut [Geschirr, Anzug]
    16) (correct, fitting) gut; (appropriate) angebracht; ratsam
    17)
    18)

    make good — (succeed) erfolgreich sein; (effect) in die Tat umsetzen; ausführen [Plan]; erfüllen [Versprechen]; (compensate for) wieder gutmachen [Fehler]; (indemnify) ersetzen [Schaden, Ausgaben]. See also best 1.; better 1.

    2. adverb as intensifier
    (coll.)

    good and... — richtig...

    hit somebody good and proper — jemanden ordentlich verprügeln. See also best 2.; better 2.

    3. noun
    1) (use) Nutzen, der

    be some good to somebody/something — jemandem/einer Sache nützen

    be no good to somebody/something — für jemanden/etwas nicht zu gebrauchen sein

    it is no/not much good doing something — es hat keinen/kaum einen Sinn, etwas zu tun

    what's the good of...?, what good is...? — was nützt...?

    for your/his etc. own good — zu deinem/seinem usw. Besten od. eigenen Vorteil

    for the good of mankind/the country — zum Wohl[e] der Menschheit/des Landes

    do no/little good — nichts/wenig helfen od. nützen

    do somebody/something good — jemandem/einer Sache nützen; [Ruhe, Erholung:] jemandem/einer Sache gut tun; [Arznei:] jemandem/einer Sache helfen

    I'll tell him, but what good will that do? — ich sag es ihm, aber was nützt od. hilft das schon?

    come home £10 to the good — mit 10 Pfund plus nach Hause kommen

    3) (goodness) Gute, das

    the difference between good and bad or evil — der Unterschied zwischen Gut und Böse

    4) (kind acts) Gute, das

    be up to no good — nichts Gutes im Sinn haben od. im Schilde führen

    5)

    for good [and all] — (finally) ein für allemal; (permanently) für immer [und ewig]; endgültig

    6) constr. as pl. (virtuous people)
    7) in pl. (wares etc.) Waren; (Brit. Railw.) Fracht, die; attrib. Güter[bahnhof, -wagen, -zug]
    8) in pl.

    the goods — (coll.): (what is wanted) das Gewünschte; das Verlangte

    deliver the goods — (fig.) halten, was man verspricht

    * * *
    adj.
    brav adj.
    gut adj.
    lieb adj. n.
    Gut ¨-er n.

    English-german dictionary > good

  • 13 formación

    f.
    1 formation, creation, constitution.
    2 formation, training, education, up-bringing.
    3 formation, line-up, order.
    * * *
    1 (gen) formation
    2 (educación) upbringing
    3 (enseñanza) education, training
    \
    en formación MILITAR in formation
    formación musical musical training
    formación profesional vocational training
    formación universitaria university education
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=creación) [gen] formation

    para prevenir la formación de hielo — to prevent ice (from) forming, to prevent the formation of ice frm

    2) (=aprendizaje) [en un campo concreto] training; [en conocimientos teóricos] education

    tenía una formación musical clásica — she trained as a classical musician, she had a classical musical training

    formación laboral, formación ocupacional — occupational training

    3) (=grupo) [político] party; [militar] group; [musical] group, band; [de jugadores] squad
    4) (Mil)

    en formación de combate — in battle o combat formation

    5) (Geol, Bot) formation
    * * *
    1) (de rocas, gobierno, palabras) formation
    2) (Geol) (conjunto, masa) formation
    3) (Mil) formation
    4) ( educación recibida) education; ( para trabajo) training
    •
    * * *
    = formation, instruction, training, schooling, coaching, fashioning, seasoning, grooming, upbringing.
    Ex. In 1970 she pointed to inconsistencies in the formation and arrangement of headings, the presence of useless ones, and variations in actual practice from what is thought to be practiced.
    Ex. Probably in most libraries instruction in library use and the use of information retrieval tools needs to be available in a number of different modes.
    Ex. The user must become familiar with the facilities of this search software, and therefore may need more training than that which might be necessary for the retrieval of information in a data base which has been indexed with a controlled indexing language.
    Ex. Some people with little schooling do use the library, and for valuable purposes but they are more of an exception than the rule.
    Ex. Proofreaders are trained by coaching, as are editors.
    Ex. The university is a major force in the fashioning of the constantly changing urban way of life.
    Ex. All the artists were influenced by their seasoning as commercial illustrators.
    Ex. Let's face it, personal grooming is the key to success, in business or in your social life.
    Ex. Children in modern society are faced with a ceaseless stream of new ideas, and responsibility for their upbringing has generally moved from parents to childminders and teachers.
    ----
    * área de formación = teaching unit.
    * beca de formación = in-service training.
    * bibliotecario encargado de la formación de usuarios = instruction librarian.
    * con cierta formación = educated.
    * con la formación adecuada = adequately-trained.
    * conseguir una buena formación en = get + a good grounding on.
    * con una formación tecnológica digital = digitally-oriented.
    * curso de formación = training course.
    * curso de formación continua = continuing education course.
    * departamento de formación = teaching unit.
    * escuela de formación = training school.
    * escuela de formación profesional = vocational school.
    * formación académica = academic background, formal education.
    * formación básica en tecnología = technical literacy.
    * formación continua = continuing education (CE), continuous education, continuing training, continuing professional development, continuing professional education, professional development.
    * formación continuada = continuing education (CE), continuing training.
    * formación continua del personal = staff development.
    * formación continua en el trabajo = workplace training, workplace learning.
    * formación continua en medicina = CME (Continuing Medical Education).
    * formación de ampollas = blistering.
    * formación de burbujas = blistering.
    * formación de grumos = caking.
    * formación de grupos de presión = lobbying representation.
    * formación de hielo = icing.
    * formación de la colección = collection building.
    * formación del personal = staff training, professional development.
    * formación del profesorado = teacher-training, teacher education.
    * formación de padres = parenting, parenting education.
    * formación de piquetes = picketing.
    * formación de postgrado = postgraduate education, postgraduate training.
    * formación de profesorado en prácticas = in-service teacher training.
    * formación de un núcleo = nucleation.
    * formación de usuarios = information literacy, library instruction, information skills, library user education, bibliographic instruction (BI), user education, library user training, user instruction, user training, patron instruction, reader education.
    * formación documental = information education.
    * formación en diferentes tareas = cross-training [cross training], multiskilling [multi-skilling].
    * formación en el mundo real = real-world training.
    * formación en el trabajo = in-service training, in-service education, in-service, on-the-job training, in-service support.
    * formación en el uso de la biblioteca = library literacy.
    * formación en enfermería = nursing education.
    * formación en informática = computer literacy.
    * formación en prácticas = in-service.
    * formación geológica = geological formation.
    * formación in situ = in-service training, in-service.
    * formación interna = in-service training, in-service support, in-service.
    * formación nubosa = cloud cover.
    * formación ocupacional = work education.
    * formación paternal = parenting education.
    * formación permanente = lifelong learning, lifelong education.
    * formación profesional = vocational training, professional education, professional training, further education.
    * formación reglada = formal education.
    * formación requerida = job specs.
    * instituto de formación profesional = technical school.
    * los que no han recibido formación específica = uninstructed, the.
    * para la formación autodidacta = self-instructional.
    * proceso de formación = instructional process.
    * programa de formación = training programme, training scheme, instructional programme.
    * programa de formación en el trabajo = in-service training program(me).
    * servirse de la formación de Uno = draw on/upon + background.
    * sin formación = ill-educated.
    * sin formación previa = untrained.
    * * *
    1) (de rocas, gobierno, palabras) formation
    2) (Geol) (conjunto, masa) formation
    3) (Mil) formation
    4) ( educación recibida) education; ( para trabajo) training
    •
    * * *
    = formation, instruction, training, schooling, coaching, fashioning, seasoning, grooming, upbringing.

    Ex: In 1970 she pointed to inconsistencies in the formation and arrangement of headings, the presence of useless ones, and variations in actual practice from what is thought to be practiced.

    Ex: Probably in most libraries instruction in library use and the use of information retrieval tools needs to be available in a number of different modes.
    Ex: The user must become familiar with the facilities of this search software, and therefore may need more training than that which might be necessary for the retrieval of information in a data base which has been indexed with a controlled indexing language.
    Ex: Some people with little schooling do use the library, and for valuable purposes but they are more of an exception than the rule.
    Ex: Proofreaders are trained by coaching, as are editors.
    Ex: The university is a major force in the fashioning of the constantly changing urban way of life.
    Ex: All the artists were influenced by their seasoning as commercial illustrators.
    Ex: Let's face it, personal grooming is the key to success, in business or in your social life.
    Ex: Children in modern society are faced with a ceaseless stream of new ideas, and responsibility for their upbringing has generally moved from parents to childminders and teachers.
    * área de formación = teaching unit.
    * beca de formación = in-service training.
    * bibliotecario encargado de la formación de usuarios = instruction librarian.
    * con cierta formación = educated.
    * con la formación adecuada = adequately-trained.
    * conseguir una buena formación en = get + a good grounding on.
    * con una formación tecnológica digital = digitally-oriented.
    * curso de formación = training course.
    * curso de formación continua = continuing education course.
    * departamento de formación = teaching unit.
    * escuela de formación = training school.
    * escuela de formación profesional = vocational school.
    * formación académica = academic background, formal education.
    * formación básica en tecnología = technical literacy.
    * formación continua = continuing education (CE), continuous education, continuing training, continuing professional development, continuing professional education, professional development.
    * formación continuada = continuing education (CE), continuing training.
    * formación continua del personal = staff development.
    * formación continua en el trabajo = workplace training, workplace learning.
    * formación continua en medicina = CME (Continuing Medical Education).
    * formación de ampollas = blistering.
    * formación de burbujas = blistering.
    * formación de grumos = caking.
    * formación de grupos de presión = lobbying representation.
    * formación de hielo = icing.
    * formación de la colección = collection building.
    * formación del personal = staff training, professional development.
    * formación del profesorado = teacher-training, teacher education.
    * formación de padres = parenting, parenting education.
    * formación de piquetes = picketing.
    * formación de postgrado = postgraduate education, postgraduate training.
    * formación de profesorado en prácticas = in-service teacher training.
    * formación de un núcleo = nucleation.
    * formación de usuarios = information literacy, library instruction, information skills, library user education, bibliographic instruction (BI), user education, library user training, user instruction, user training, patron instruction, reader education.
    * formación documental = information education.
    * formación en diferentes tareas = cross-training [cross training], multiskilling [multi-skilling].
    * formación en el mundo real = real-world training.
    * formación en el trabajo = in-service training, in-service education, in-service, on-the-job training, in-service support.
    * formación en el uso de la biblioteca = library literacy.
    * formación en enfermería = nursing education.
    * formación en informática = computer literacy.
    * formación en prácticas = in-service.
    * formación geológica = geological formation.
    * formación in situ = in-service training, in-service.
    * formación interna = in-service training, in-service support, in-service.
    * formación nubosa = cloud cover.
    * formación ocupacional = work education.
    * formación paternal = parenting education.
    * formación permanente = lifelong learning, lifelong education.
    * formación profesional = vocational training, professional education, professional training, further education.
    * formación reglada = formal education.
    * formación requerida = job specs.
    * instituto de formación profesional = technical school.
    * los que no han recibido formación específica = uninstructed, the.
    * para la formación autodidacta = self-instructional.
    * proceso de formación = instructional process.
    * programa de formación = training programme, training scheme, instructional programme.
    * programa de formación en el trabajo = in-service training program(me).
    * servirse de la formación de Uno = draw on/upon + background.
    * sin formación = ill-educated.
    * sin formación previa = untrained.

    * * *
    1 (de las rocas, nubes) formation
    2 (de un grupo, gobierno) formation
    3 (de palabras, frases) formation
    B ( Geol) (conjunto, masa) formation
    C ( Mil) formation
    formación de combate combat formation
    la formación del carácter the formation of the character
    el período de formación the training period
    tiene una buena formación literaria she has had a good literary education
    Compuesto:
    formación profesional or (CS) vocacional
    professional o vocational training
    estudiantes de formación profesional or vocacional ≈ students at technical college
    Formación Profesional - FP (↑ formación a1)
    * * *

     

    formación sustantivo femenino
    1 ( en general) formation;

    2 ( educación recibida) education;
    ( para trabajo) training;
    formación profesional or (CS) vocacional professional o vocational training
    formación sustantivo femenino
    1 formation
    2 (crianza) upbringing
    3 (instrucción) training
    formación profesional, vocational training, occupational training
    ' formación' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    enseñanza
    - FP
    - práctica
    - preparación
    English:
    background
    - development
    - formation
    - on-the-job
    - shall
    - should
    - staff training
    - teacher-training
    - training
    - training course
    - training manual
    - vocational
    - parade
    - teacher
    - technical
    - untrained
    * * *
    1. [creación] formation;
    la formación de un gobierno the formation of a government;
    Ling
    2. [educación] training;
    la formación de los jóvenes es prioritaria para combatir el desempleo it is extremely important to train young people in order to combat unemployment;
    recibió una formación clásica he received a traditional education;
    sin formación académica with little formal education
    formación en alternancia sandwich courses;
    formación continua in-service training;
    formación de formadores training of trainers;
    formación ocupacional vocational o occupational training;
    formación pedagógica teacher training;
    formación profesional [ocupacional] = vocational o occupational training;
    [ciclo educativo] = vocationally orientated secondary education in Spain for pupils aged 14-18, currently being phased out
    3. [equipo] team;
    [alineación] line-up;
    formación política political party
    4. Mil formation;
    marchar en formación to march in formation
    5. Geol formation;
    una formación rocosa a rock formation;
    esta zona presenta formaciones calcáreas there are limestone formations in this area
    * * *
    f
    1 de palabras, asociación formation
    2 ( entrenamiento) training;
    alumno de formación profesional student doing a vocational course
    * * *
    formación nf, pl - ciones
    1) : formation
    2) : training
    formación profesional: vocational training
    * * *
    1. (proceso) formation
    2. (enseñanza) education

    Spanish-English dictionary > formación

  • 14 plan

    1. noun
    1) (an idea of how to do something; a method of doing something: If everyone follows this plan, we will succeed; I have worked out a plan for making a lot of money.) plan
    2) (an intention or arrangement: My plan is to rob a bank and leave the country quickly; What are your plans for tomorrow?) plan
    3) (a drawing, diagram etc showing a building, town etc as if seen from above: These are the plans of/for our new house; a street-plan.) plano

    2. verb
    1) ((sometimes with on) to intend (to do something): We are planning on going to Italy this year; We were planning to go last year but we hadn't enough money; They are planning a trip to Italy.) planear
    2) (to decide how something is to be done; to arrange (something): We are planning a party; We'll have to plan very carefully if we are to succeed.) planificar, proyectar
    3) (to design (a building, town etc): This is the architect who planned the building.) proyectar, diseñar, hacer los planos de
    •
    - planning
    - go according to plan
    - plan ahead
    plan1 n
    1. plan
    what are your holiday plans? ¿qué planes tienes para las vacaciones?
    2. plano
    plan2 vb planear / proyectar / pensar


    plan sustantivo masculino 1 (proyecto, programa) plan; plan de estudios syllabus 2 (fam) (cita, compromiso): ¿tienes algún plan para esta noche? do you have any plans for tonight? 3 (fam) ( actitud): lo dijo en plan de broma he was only kidding (colloq); en plan económico cheaply, on the cheap (colloq)
    plan sustantivo masculino
    1 (intención) plan
    2 (conjunto de ideas, etc) scheme, programme
    plan de estudios, curriculum
    plan de jubilación/de pensiones, pension plan
    3 fam (cita) date: no tengo plan para esta tarde, I have no plans for this afternoon Locuciones: no sigas en ese plan, don't carry on like that
    no es plan, that's not a good idea
    no es plan de que nos quedemos si él se va, it's not fair for us to have to stay home if he goes out ' plan' also found in these entries: Spanish: abrupta - abrupto - anteproyecto - auspicio - boceto - bosquejar - chafar - concebir - cuajar - delinear - desactivar - descubrir - designio - dinamitar - efecto - fastidiar - garete - generar - idea - idear - instrumentación - inviable - juego - mantilla - mira - pensar - pergeñar - pique - plana - planear - planificar - plano - plazo - política - prever - programa - proyectar - proyecto - rechazar - rechazo - resultado - tortuosa - tortuosidad - tortuoso - trazar - tramar - traza - venta - ventura - viabilidad English: abort - abortive - action - alter - alteration - approachable - approve of - attractive - authenticity - backfire - beauty - benign - botch - bypass - cheap - concoct - contingency plan - cook up - crystallize - curriculum - delineate - design - despite - detailed - develop - development - devious - disappoint - discard - distinct - drum up - elaborate - emigrate - explain - fall apart - fall through - fallback - floor plan - follow through - foolproof - forecast - formulate - get-rich-quick - go - half-baked - hatch - hit on - hit upon - holiday - impractical
    tr[plæn]
    1 (scheme, arrangement) plan nombre masculino, proyecto
    ■ what are your plans for the weekend? ¿qué planes tienes para el fin de semana?
    2 (map, drawing, diagram) plano; (design) proyecto; (for essay) esquema nombre masculino
    ■ have you seen the plans for the new opera house? ¿has visto los planos de la nueva ópera?
    1 (make plans) planear, proyectar, planificar; (intend) pensar, tener pensado
    2 (make a plan of - house, garden, etc) hacer los planos de, diseñar, proyectar; (- economy, strategy) planificar
    1 (make preparations) hacer planes; (intend) pensar
    ■ we hadn't planned on rain! ¡no contábamos con que lloviera!
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to go according to plan salir como estaba previsto, salir según lo previsto
    to plan for the future hacer planes para el futuro
    plan ['plæn] v, planned ; planning vt
    1) : planear, proyectar, planificar
    to plan a trip: planear un viaje
    to plan a city: planificar una ciudad
    2) intend: tener planeado, proyectar
    plan vi
    : hacer planes
    plan n
    1) diagram: plano m, esquema m
    2) scheme: plan m, proyecto m, programa m
    to draw up a plan: elaborar un proyecto
    n.
    • dibujo s.m.
    • diseño s.m.
    • esbozo s.m.
    • esquema s.m.
    • máquina s.f.
    • plan s.m.
    • plano s.m.
    • planta s.f.
    • programa s.m.
    • proyecto s.m.
    • traza s.f.
    • trazado s.m.
    v.
    • idear v.
    • meditar v.
    • planear v.
    • planificar v.
    • plantear v.
    • proyectar v.
    • trazar v.
    plæn
    I
    1)
    a) (diagram, map) plano m

    seating plan — disposición f de los comensales

    to draw up a plan — hacer* un plano

    b) (of book, essay) esquema m
    2) (arrangement, scheme) plan m

    to go according to plan — salir* conforme estaba planeado, salir* según el plan

    do you have any plans for tonight? — ¿tienes algún plan or programa para esta noche?

    to make a plan — hacer* un plan


    II
    1.
    - nn- transitive verb
    a) \<\<journey/itinerary\>\> planear, programar; \<\<raid/assault\>\> planear; \<\<garden/house\>\> diseñar, proyectar; \<\<economy/strategies\>\> planificar*; \<\<essay\>\> hacer* un esquema de

    as planned — según lo planeado, tal y como estaba previsto or planeado

    b) ( intend)

    to plan to + INF: where are you planning to spend Christmas? — ¿dónde tienes pensado or dónde piensas pasar las Navidades?


    2.
    vi

    to plan FOR something: we need to plan for the future tenemos que pensar en el futuro; we hadn't planned for this — esto no lo habíamos previsto

    Phrasal Verbs:
    [plæn]
    1. N
    1) (=scheme) proyecto m, plan m

    • plan of action, action plan — plan m de acción

    • plan of attack/ campaign — (Mil) (also fig) plan m de ataque/de campaña

    • to draw up a plan — elaborar un proyecto, hacer or redactar un plan

    • an exercise plan — una tabla or un programa de ejercicios

    • a five-year plan — un plan quinquenal

    • to make plans for the future — hacer planes or planear para el futuro

    • a peace plan — un proyecto or un plan de paz

    business, instalment, master, pension
    2) (=idea, intention) plan m

    do you have any plans for the weekend? — ¿tienes planes para el fin de semana?

    • if everything goes according to plan — si todo sale como está previsto or planeado

    • the best plan is to call first — lo mejor es llamar primero

    • a change of plan — un cambio de planes

    3) (=diagram, map) plano m ; seating
    4) (=outline) [of story, essay] esquema m
    5) (Archit, Tech) (often pl) plano m
    2. VT
    1) (=organize) [+ schedule, event, crime] planear; [+ party, surprise] preparar; [+ route] planificar, planear; [+ essay] hacer un esquema de, planear; [+ family] planificar

    • as planned — según lo previsto, como estaba planeado

    2) (=intend)

    how long do you plan to stay? — ¿cuánto tiempo piensas quedarte?

    what do you plan to do after college? — ¿qué tienes pensado hacer después de la universidad?, ¿qué te has propuesto hacer después de la universidad?

    3) (=design) diseñar
    3.

    • to plan for sth, it is advisable to plan for retirement — es aconsejable que se hagan planes para la jubilación

    to plan for the future — hacer planes or planear para el futuro

    * * *
    [plæn]
    I
    1)
    a) (diagram, map) plano m

    seating plan — disposición f de los comensales

    to draw up a plan — hacer* un plano

    b) (of book, essay) esquema m
    2) (arrangement, scheme) plan m

    to go according to plan — salir* conforme estaba planeado, salir* según el plan

    do you have any plans for tonight? — ¿tienes algún plan or programa para esta noche?

    to make a plan — hacer* un plan


    II
    1.
    - nn- transitive verb
    a) \<\<journey/itinerary\>\> planear, programar; \<\<raid/assault\>\> planear; \<\<garden/house\>\> diseñar, proyectar; \<\<economy/strategies\>\> planificar*; \<\<essay\>\> hacer* un esquema de

    as planned — según lo planeado, tal y como estaba previsto or planeado

    b) ( intend)

    to plan to + INF: where are you planning to spend Christmas? — ¿dónde tienes pensado or dónde piensas pasar las Navidades?


    2.
    vi

    to plan FOR something: we need to plan for the future tenemos que pensar en el futuro; we hadn't planned for this — esto no lo habíamos previsto

    Phrasal Verbs:

    English-spanish dictionary > plan

  • 15 trabajo1

    1 = employment, endeavour [endeavor, -USA], job, labour [labor, -USA], leg work, occupation, task, work, working environment, workload [work load], pursuit, workmanship, footwork, handwork, professional position, working practice, pursuit in life, handiwork, lifework, line of business, toil, industry.
    Ex. Under WOMEN -- EMPLOYMENT, for instance, are listed works on the health and safety hazards of employment, the wages of employment, the problems of mothers, married and/or single women and employment, and so on.
    Ex. Eventually, it came to be recognized that the Classification Research Group's endeavours might be pertinent to the problem of alphabetical indexing.
    Ex. To ease the cataloguer's job and save him the trouble of counting characters, DOBIS/LIBIS uses a special function.
    Ex. An editor is a person who prepares for publication an item not his own and whose labour may be limited to the preparation of the item for the manufacturer.
    Ex. DOBIS/LIBIS may replace the typewriter, the catalog card, and much leg work, but it cannot replace the decision-making capabilities of the library staff.
    Ex. Headings such as SALESMEN AND SALESMANSHIP and FIREMEN, since they are assigned to works covering the activities of both men and women in these occupations, are not specific.
    Ex. Further, menu screens will be necessary until the user has specified the task that he wishes executed or the information that he wishes to retrieve sufficiently for execution or retrieval to be effected.
    Ex. The Classification Research Group (CRG) has been a major force in the development of classification theory, and has made a major contribution towards work on a new general classification scheme.
    Ex. This article examines the various features now available on copiers and comments on the usefulness in a working environment.
    Ex. Each of these changes, if we were to deal with them in an adequate manner, create severe workload problems for the cataloging department.
    Ex. What is more arguable is whether or not it is a bibliographical pursuit at all since it bears little relationship to the physical nature of the book.
    Ex. William R Lethaby, the architect who had Westminster Abbey in his charge for over twenty years, once said 'Art is thoughtful workmanship'.
    Ex. If we decide to take on making up a subject file there'd be a lot of footwork even if we use that list as a basis = Si decidimos aceptar crear un fichero ordenado por materias habría mucho trabajo incluso si usamos esta lista como base.
    Ex. The newspaper's suppression after the first issue was not, as some historians have declared, the handwork of Massachusetts' Puritan clergy = La supresión del periódico después de su primer número no fue, como algunos historiadores han declarado, por la intervención del clero puritano de Massachussetts.
    Ex. In virtually all of her professional positions she has been involved with the handling of documents.
    Ex. While many believe that print on paper will never die, new formats are already changing working practice in many spheres.
    Ex. People who are blind, regardless of their pursuit in life, will not have access to current information, books, learning, or education opportunities unless all libraries and blindness organizations agree to work together.
    Ex. Rather than bringing in butchers to do the handiwork of his dissections, Vesalius himself worked on the human cadavers and said that students of medicine should do the same.
    Ex. This is an eloquent, moving testament to the lifework of a major artist of unimpeachable technique and passion.
    Ex. The computer people are muscling in on our line of business and we can't stop them.
    Ex. Furthermore, the computer can be used, and is already being used, to eliminate drudgery, busywork, and useless toil in library systems.
    Ex. In fact, the terms of the contrast are highly ambivalent: order vs. anarchy, liberty vs. despotism, or industry vs. sloth, and also dissimulation vs. honesty.
    ----
    * acoso en el trabajo = workplace mobbing.
    * agenda de trabajo = work agenda.
    * agobiado de trabajo = up to + Posesivo + eyeballs in work.
    * ahorrar el trabajo de = save + effort in.
    * almuerzo de trabajo = work luncheon.
    * ámbito de trabajo = field of endeavour.
    * amor al trabajo = love of work.
    * ansiedad en el trabajo = job anxiety, work anxiety.
    * anterior al trabajo = pre-service.
    * anuncio de trabajo = help wanted ad, help wanted notice.
    * anuncios de trabajo = help-wanted advertising.
    * año de trabajo = man year.
    * ascender en el trabajo = step up + the career ladder.
    * ascenso en el trabajo = job promotion.
    * aspirar a un puesto de trabajo = aspire to + position.
    * asunto relacionado con el trabajo = work-related issue.
    * avanzar en + Posesivo + trabajo = advance + Posesivo + work, advance + Posesivo + work.
    * basado en el trabajo en equipo = team-based.
    * bibliografía de trabajo = working bibliography.
    * biblioteconomía especializada en el trabajo de referencia = reference librarianship.
    * bolsa de trabajo = labour exchange, job opportunities, employment bureau, employment centre, employment opportunity, job centre, job pool.
    * borrador de trabajo = working paper.
    * buscador de trabajo = job applicant, job seeker.
    * buscar trabajo = seek + employment.
    * buscar trabajo en la calle = work + the streets.
    * campo de trabajo = field of endeavour.
    * campo de trabajos forzados = labour camp, forced labour camp.
    * cantidad de trabajo = workload [work load].
    * carga de trabajo = workload [work load].
    * centro de trabajo = workplace.
    * cobrar en un trabajo = job + pay.
    * comenzar el turno de trabajo = go on + duty.
    * comida de trabajo = business meal, professional meal.
    * compañero de trabajo = co-worker [coworker], male colleague, work colleague, fellow worker.
    * complementos del trabajo = fringe benefits, fringes.
    * conciliación del trabajo y la familia = reconciliation of work and family.
    * con demasiado trabajo = overworked.
    * condiciones del contrato de trabajo = terms of employment.
    * condiciones de trabajo = working conditions.
    * con mucho trabajo = painfully.
    * conseguir un puesto de trabajo = obtain + position.
    * conseguir un trabajo = enter + job, land + job.
    * con trabajo = in post.
    * contratar al primero que solicita el trabajo = hire on a first-come, first-take basis.
    * contrato de trabajo = contract position.
    * conversación de trabajo = shop talk.
    * costar mucho trabajo = have + a tough time, have + a hard time.
    * costar trabajo = have + Posesivo + work cut out for + Pronombre, have + Posesivo + job cut out for + Pronombre.
    * cualquier trabajo temporal = casual job.
    * cubrir un puesto de trabajo = fill + position.
    * cuestión relacionada con el trabajo = work-related issue.
    * dar permiso en el trabajo = give + time off work.
    * dar trabajo = present + burden.
    * dedicar trabajo = expend + effort.
    * definición de trabajo = working definition.
    * dejar a Alguien sin trabajo = put + Nombre + out of work.
    * dejar el puesto de trabajo = resign from + Posesivo + post.
    * dejar el trabajo = resign from + Posesivo + post, quit + Posesivo + job, jump + ship.
    * dejar sin trabajo = put + Nombre + out of work.
    * dejar un puesto de trabajo = resign from + Posesivo + position.
    * dejar un trabajo = quit, resign + Posesivo + post.
    * denominación del puesto de trabajo = job title, occupational title.
    * dentro del mismo trabajo = intraoccupational.
    * derecho del trabajo = employment law.
    * desarrollar + Posesivo + trabajo = advance + Posesivo + work.
    * desarrollar un plan de trabajo = develop + agenda.
    * descripción del puesto de trabajo = job description, position description, job profile.
    * desempeñar un trabajo = exercise + work.
    * despedir del trabajo = make + redundant.
    * después del horario de trabajo = after hours [after-hours].
    * de trabajo = working.
    * día del trabajo = Labour Day.
    * día de trabajo = working day.
    * día internacional del trabajo = Labour Day.
    * diario automático de trabajo = time log.
    * dignidad del trabajo = dignity of work.
    * dinámica de trabajo = workflow [work flow].
    * distribución del trabajo = workflow [work flow].
    * distribuir el trabajo = spread + the load.
    * división del trabajo = division of labour.
    * documento de trabajo = working document, working draft.
    * eficacia en el trabajo = quality of service.
    * elaborar un plan de trabajo = develop + agenda.
    * eliminar puestos de trabajo = shed + jobs, axe + jobs, cut + jobs.
    * empresa de trabajo = industrial affiliation.
    * encomendar un trabajo a Alguien = assign + job.
    * encontrar trabajo = find + a job.
    * encontrar trabajo en una biblioteca = join + library.
    * en el horario de trabajo = on company time.
    * en el trabajo = on-the-job, at work.
    * enseñanza antes de empezar el trabajo = pre-service education.
    * enseñanza en el trabajo = in-service education.
    * entorno de trabajo = working environment, work environment.
    * entrevista de trabajo = job interview.
    * equipo de trabajo = study team, project team, work team.
    * esclavo del trabajo = workaholic.
    * escribir un trabajo = write + essay.
    * espacio de trabajo = workspace.
    * específico de un trabajo concreto = job-specific.
    * estación de trabajo = workstation [work station], desktop workstation.
    * estación de trabajo remota = outstation.
    * estadía de trabajo = work visit.
    * estar mareado de tanto trabajo = be reeling.
    * estar relacionado con el trabajo = be work related.
    * estar saturado de trabajo = work to + capacity.
    * estar sin trabajo = stay out of + work.
    * estrategia que ahorra trabajo = labour saver.
    * estrés en el trabajo = job stress.
    * evaluar el rendimiento en el trabajo = evaluate + work performance.
    * excedencia en el trabajo = leave of absence.
    * ficha de trabajo = worksheet, project worksheet.
    * formación continua en el trabajo = workplace training, workplace learning.
    * formación en el trabajo = in-service training, in-service education, in-service, on-the-job training, in-service support.
    * funciones del puesto de trabajo = position + entail + duty.
    * grupo de trabajo = study group, study team, task force, working party, task group, research group, working group, project team.
    * grupo de trabajo por tema de interés = breakout group.
    * guía de trabajo = working guide.
    * hábito de trabajo = work habit, working habit.
    * hablar del trabajo = talk + shop.
    * hacer + Posesivo + trabajo = get on with + Posesivo + work.
    * hacer (todo) el trabajo pesado = do (all) + the donkey work.
    * hacer un buen trabajo = do + a good job.
    * hacer un trabajo = do + work, do + job.
    * hacer un trabajo sobre = do + a project about.
    * hasta aquí de trabajo = up to + Posesivo + eyeballs in work.
    * hasta el cuello de trabajo = up to + Posesivo + eyeballs in work.
    * herramienta de trabajo = tool, tool.
    * hora de trabajo = man-hour.
    * horario de trabajo = hours of operation, working hours, work hours.
    * horario intenso de trabajo = long hours, the.
    * horarios de trabajo demasiado cargados = over-long hours.
    * igualdad de oportunidad en el trabajo = equal employment opportunity.
    * igualdad de retribución por un trabajo de valor comparable = equal pay for comparable work.
    * igualdad de retribución por un trabajo de igual valor = equal pay for equal work.
    * incentivo en el trabajo = work incentive, labour incentive.
    * indicador del trabajo realizado = workload indicator.
    * intercambio de puestos de trabajo = job exchange.
    * jornada de trabajo = workshop.
    * liberar del exceso de trabajo = relieve + overload.
    * liberar de trabajo = relieve + pressure.
    * línea de trabajo = line of work.
    * llamar al trabajo para excusarse por enfermedad = call in + sick.
    * llegar tarde al trabajo = be late for work.
    * lugar de trabajo = affiliation, institutional affiliation, working environment, workplace, place of work, worksite [work site], home institution.
    * lugar de trabajo del autor = author affiliation.
    * magistratura del trabajo = industrial tribunal.
    * marco de trabajo = framework.
    * medida de seguridad e higiene en el trabajo = health and safety standard.
    * memoria de trabajo = working memory.
    * mercado de trabajo = labour market, job market.
    * mercado de trabajo, el = employment market, the.
    * mesa de trabajo = desk, study table.
    * método de trabajo = working method.
    * Ministerio de Trabajo = Department of Labor.
    * modelo de trabajo = working model, business model.
    * mucho trabajo = hard graft.
    * negligente en el trabajo = malpractitioner.
    * neurosis producida por el trabajo = occupational neurosis.
    * NISTF (Grupo de Trabajo sobre los Sistemas Nacionales de Información de la A = NISTF (Society of American Archivists National Information Systems Task Force).
    * no perder el trabajo = stay in + work.
    * norma de trabajo = working rule.
    * no tener trabajo = be unemployed.
    * obtener un puesto de trabajo = obtain + position.
    * ocupar un puesto de trabajo = assume + position, take up + post, hold + post.
    * oferta de trabajo = job advertisement, job offer, help wanted ad, help wanted notice.
    * ofertas de trabajo = help-wanted advertising.
    * oportunidad de trabajo = career opportunity.
    * organización del trabajo = workflow [work flow], working arrangement.
    * paquete de trabajo = workpackage.
    * para trabajos pesados = heavy-duty.
    * pérdida de puestos de trabajo = squeeze on jobs.
    * permiso de trabajo = work permit.
    * permuta de trabajo = job exchange.
    * persona encargada de hacer los trabajos sucios = hatchetman.
    * persona obsesiva con el trabajo = workoholic [workholic], workaholic.
    * persona que asigna el trabajo = assigner.
    * persona que deja un trabajo = leaver.
    * persona que reparte el trabajo = assigner.
    * personas sin trabajo remunerado, los = unwaged, the.
    * plan de trabajo = research agenda, work plan, working plan, work schedule.
    * política de trabajo = policy.
    * postura exigida por el trabajo = work posture.
    * proceso de trabajo = work process.
    * programa de formación en el trabajo = in-service training program(me).
    * programa de trabajo = work schedule.
    * programa de trabajo como interno residente = residency.
    * promoción en el trabajo = job promotion.
    * propuesta de trabajo = project proposal.
    * proyecto de trabajo = work project.
    * puente de trabajo = catwalk.
    * puesto de trabajo = appointment, position, post, opening, career path, professional position, position held.
    * puesto de trabajo de libre designación = line position.
    * puesto de trabajo ocupado = position held.
    * puestos de trabajo ocupados = positions held.
    * quitar puestos de trabajo = shed + jobs, axe + jobs, cut + jobs.
    * realizar el trabajo = get + Posesivo + work done.
    * realizar + Posesivo + trabajo = advance + Posesivo + work.
    * realizar un trabajo = perform + work, undertake + work.
    * realizar un trabajo monótono = have + Posesivo + nose to the grindstone.
    * red de trabajo = peer-to-peer network.
    * relacionado con el trabajo = job-related, work-related.
    * relación de trabajo = working relation, working relationship, work relationship, work relation.
    * relativo al trabajo = occupational.
    * rendimiento en el trabajo = work performance.
    * reunión de trabajo = business meeting, business session.
    * ropa de trabajo = work clothes.
    * rutina de trabajo = work process.
    * sala de trabajo = workroom.
    * salir del trabajo = clock off + work.
    * salud en el trabajo = occupational health.
    * satisfacción en el trabajo = job satisfaction, work satisfaction.
    * segregación en el trabajo = job segregation, employment segregation.
    * seguridad en el trabajo = safety at work, occupational safety.
    * sesión de trabajo = work session, working session.
    * sicología del trabajo = occupational psychology.
    * sin trabajo = jobless.
    * sobrecargado de trabajo = overworked.
    * sociología del trabajo = sociology of work.
    * soliciante de trabajo = job applicant.
    * solicitud de trabajo = job application.
    * superficie de trabajo = working surface, work surface.
    * taller de trabajo = workshop, study school.
    * taller de trabajo esclavo = sweatshop.
    * taller de trabajo sobre composición = writing workshop.
    * tener trabajo para rato = have + Posesivo + work cut out for + Pronombre, have + Posesivo + job cut out for + Pronombre.
    * tener un segundo trabajo = moonlight, work + a second job.
    * tener un trabajo = hold down + job.
    * tener un trabajo remunerado = be gainfully employed.
    * tener un trabajo retribuido = be gainfully employed.
    * tensión en el trabajo = job stress.
    * tensión producida por el trabajo = occupational stress.
    * terminar turno de trabajo = come off + duty.
    * toda una vida de trabajo = a lifetime of work.
    * tomarse excedencia en el trabajo = take + leave from + employment.
    * tomarse + Expresión Temporal + de permiso en el trabajo = take + Expresión Temporal + off, have + Expresión Temporal + off work.
    * tomarse unos días de permiso en el trabajo = take + time off work.
    * tomarse unos días de permiso en el trabajo = take + time off, take + time out.
    * trabajo académico = academic work.
    * trabajo a destajo = piecework.
    * trabajo a distancia = telecommuting, teleworking, telework.
    * trabajo administrativo de apoyo = clerical work.
    * trabajo a medias = job share.
    * trabajo artesanal = craftsmanship.
    * trabajo a tiempo parcial = part-time work, part-time employment, part-time job.
    * trabajo atípico = atypical work.
    * trabajo autónomo = self-employment.
    * trabajo bibliográfico = bibliographic work.
    * trabajo bibliotecario = library work.
    * trabajo burocrático = paper-keeping.
    * trabajo científico = scientific work, scholarly work.
    * trabajo compartido = job sharing.
    * trabajo complicado = major exercise.
    * trabajo con documentación automatizada = computer-based information work.
    * trabajo conjunto = interworking.
    * trabajo con ordenador = computer work.
    * trabajo cotidiano = daily work.
    * trabajo creativo = creative work.
    * trabajo de alfabetización = literacy work.
    * trabajo de apoyo = escort work.
    * trabajo de calidad = best practices, lessons learned [lessons learnt].
    * trabajo de campo = fieldwork [field work].
    * trabajo de catalogación = cataloguing work.
    * trabajo de chinos = fiddly [fiddlier -comp., fiddliest -sup.].
    * trabajo de clase = term paper, coursework [course work], term project, homework.
    * trabajo de detective = sleuthing.
    * trabajo de escolta = escort work.
    * trabajo de impresión = bookwork.
    * trabajo de impresión de material efímero = ephemeral jobbing.
    * trabajo de información y de las bibliotecas = library and information work.
    * trabajo de investigación = investigative work, research paper, research work.
    * trabajo de la casa = housework.
    * trabajo de menores = child labour.
    * trabajo de poca monta = odd-job.
    * trabajo de préstamo de servicios = service job.
    * trabajo de referencia = reference work.
    * trabajo desinteresado = labour of love.
    * trabajo detectivesco = sleuthing.
    * trabajo de toda una vida = life's work, lifework.
    * trabajo diario = day's work, daily work.
    * trabajo doméstico = domestic duty, domestic work, domestic task.
    * trabajo duro = hard labour, thirsty work, hard work.
    * trabajo duro, mucho trabajo = hard graft.
    * trabajo editorial = editorship.
    * trabajo en archivística = archives work.
    * trabajo en colaboración = interworking.
    * trabajo en común = interworking.
    * trabajo en curso = work in progress.
    * trabajo en equipo = teamwork, collaborative teamwork, team management.
    * trabajo en red = networking.
    * trabajo en sucio = rough work.
    * trabajo entre manos, el = work at hand, the.
    * trabajo eventual = jobbing.
    * trabajo físico = physical work.
    * trabajo improductivo = busywork.
    * trabajo individual = independent study, self-study.
    * trabajo infantil = child labour, child work.
    * trabajo ininterrumpido = continuous work.
    * trabajo manual = craft, craft activity, handiwork, manual labour.
    * trabajo monótono = drudge work, drudgery.
    * trabajo + no faltar = have + Posesivo + work cut out for + Pronombre, have + Posesivo + job cut out for + Pronombre.
    * trabajo no remunerado = unpaid work, unremunerated work.
    * trabajo pesado = grind, grinding, donkey work.
    * trabajo por cuenta propia = self-employment.
    * trabajo por libre = freelance [free-lance].
    * trabajo por + Posesivo + cuenta = freelance [free-lance].
    * trabajo por turnos = shift work.
    * trabajo práctico = fieldwork [field work], practical work.
    * trabajo preliminar = groundwork, legwork, spadework [spade work].
    * trabajo previo = groundwork, spadework [spade work].
    * trabajo remunerado = work-for-hire, paid work, paid labour.
    * trabajo rutinario = chore, routine work, mundane task.
    * trabajos = life's work.
    * trabajos de impresión de material efímero = jobbing work.
    * trabajos de rescate = rescue work.
    * trabajos forzados = forced labour, hard labour.
    * trabajo social = social work.
    * trabajo sucio = dirty work.
    * trabajo sumergido = informal work.
    * trabajo temporal = temporary job, casual job.
    * trabajo urgente = hurried work, rush job.
    * trabajo y esfuerzo = toil and trouble.
    * turno de trabajo de atención al usuario = desk duty.
    * un trabajo bien hecho = a job well done.
    * uso compartido de mesas de trabajo = hot desking.
    * útil de trabajo = tool.
    * vida en el trabajo = job life.
    * visita de trabajo = field trip.

    Spanish-English dictionary > trabajo1

  • 16 De Forest, Lee

    [br]
    b. 26 August 1873 Council Bluffs, Iowa, USA
    d. 30 June 1961 Hollywood, California, USA
    [br]
    American electrical engineer and inventor principally known for his invention of the Audion, or triode, vacuum tube; also a pioneer of sound in the cinema.
    [br]
    De Forest was born into the family of a Congregational minister that moved to Alabama in 1879 when the father became President of a college for African-Americans; this was a position that led to the family's social ostracism by the white community. By the time he was 13 years old, De Forest was already a keen mechanical inventor, and in 1893, rejecting his father's plan for him to become a clergyman, he entered the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University. Following his first degree, he went on to study the propagation of electromagnetic waves, gaining a PhD in physics in 1899 for his thesis on the "Reflection of Hertzian Waves from the Ends of Parallel Wires", probably the first US thesis in the field of radio.
    He then joined the Western Electric Company in Chicago where he helped develop the infant technology of wireless, working his way up from a modest post in the production area to a position in the experimental laboratory. There, working alone after normal working hours, he developed a detector of electromagnetic waves based on an electrolytic device similar to that already invented by Fleming in England. Recognizing his talents, a number of financial backers enabled him to set up his own business in 1902 under the name of De Forest Wireless Telegraphy Company; he was soon demonstrating wireless telegraphy to interested parties and entering into competition with the American Marconi Company.
    Despite the failure of this company because of fraud by his partners, he continued his experiments; in 1907, by adding a third electrode, a wire mesh, between the anode and cathode of the thermionic diode invented by Fleming in 1904, he was able to produce the amplifying device now known as the triode valve and achieve a sensitivity of radio-signal reception much greater than possible with the passive carborundum and electrolytic detectors hitherto available. Patented under the name Audion, this new vacuum device was soon successfully used for experimental broadcasts of music and speech in New York and Paris. The invention of the Audion has been described as the beginning of the electronic era. Although much development work was required before its full potential was realized, the Audion opened the way to progress in all areas of sound transmission, recording and reproduction. The patent was challenged by Fleming and it was not until 1943 that De Forest's claim was finally recognized.
    Overcoming the near failure of his new company, the De Forest Radio Telephone Company, as well as unsuccessful charges of fraudulent promotion of the Audion, he continued to exploit the potential of his invention. By 1912 he had used transformer-coupling of several Audion stages to achieve high gain at radio frequencies, making long-distance communication a practical proposition, and had applied positive feedback from the Audion output anode to its input grid to realize a stable transmitter oscillator and modulator. These successes led to prolonged patent litigation with Edwin Armstrong and others, and he eventually sold the manufacturing rights, in retrospect often for a pittance.
    During the early 1920s De Forest began a fruitful association with T.W.Case, who for around ten years had been working to perfect a moving-picture sound system. De Forest claimed to have had an interest in sound films as early as 1900, and Case now began to supply him with photoelectric cells and primitive sound cameras. He eventually devised a variable-density sound-on-film system utilizing a glow-discharge modulator, the Photion. By 1926 De Forest's Phonofilm had been successfully demonstrated in over fifty theatres and this system became the basis of Movietone. Though his ideas were on the right lines, the technology was insufficiently developed and it was left to others to produce a system acceptable to the film industry. However, De Forest had played a key role in transforming the nature of the film industry; within a space of five years the production of silent films had all but ceased.
    In the following decade De Forest applied the Audion to the development of medical diathermy. Finally, after spending most of his working life as an independent inventor and entrepreneur, he worked for a time during the Second World War at the Bell Telephone Laboratories on military applications of electronics.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Institute of Electronic and Radio Engineers Medal of Honour 1922. President, Institute of Electronic and Radio Engineers 1930. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Edison Medal 1946.
    Bibliography
    1904, "Electrolytic detectors", Electrician 54:94 (describes the electrolytic detector). 1907, US patent no. 841,387 (the Audion).
    1950, Father of Radio, Chicago: WIlcox \& Follett (autobiography).
    De Forest gave his own account of the development of his sound-on-film system in a series of articles: 1923. "The Phonofilm", Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 16 (May): 61–75; 1924. "Phonofilm progress", Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 20:17–19; 1927, "Recent developments in the Phonofilm", Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 27:64–76; 1941, "Pioneering in talking pictures", Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 36 (January): 41–9.
    Further Reading
    G.Carneal, 1930, A Conqueror of Space (biography).
    I.Levine, 1964, Electronics Pioneer, Lee De Forest (biography).
    E.I.Sponable, 1947, "Historical development of sound films", Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 48 (April): 275–303 (an authoritative account of De Forest's sound-film work, by Case's assistant).
    W.R.McLaurin, 1949, Invention and Innovation in the Radio Industry.
    C.F.Booth, 1955, "Fleming and De Forest. An appreciation", in Thermionic Valves 1904– 1954, IEE.
    V.J.Phillips, 1980, Early Radio Detectors, London: Peter Peregrinus.
    KF / JW

    Biographical history of technology > De Forest, Lee

  • 17 leave

    I noun, no pl.
    1) (permission) Erlaubnis, die; (official approval) Genehmigung, die

    grant or give somebody leave to do something — jemandem gestatten, etwas zu tun

    get leave from somebody to do something — von jemandem die Erlaubnis bekommen, etwas zu tun

    by leave of somebody — mit jemandes Genehmigung

    by your leave — (formal) mit Ihrer Erlaubnis

    2) (from duty or work) Urlaub, der

    leave [of absence] — Beurlaubung, die; Urlaub, der (auch Mil.)

    go on leave — in Urlaub gehen

    be on leave — Urlaub haben; in Urlaub sein

    3)

    take one's leave — (say farewell) sich verabschieden; Abschied nehmen (geh.)

    he must have taken leave of his senses — er muss von Sinnen sein

    II transitive verb,
    1) (make or let remain, lit. or fig.) hinterlassen

    he left a message with me for Mary — er hat bei mir eine Nachricht für Mary hinterlassen

    leave somebody to do something — es jemandem überlassen, etwas zu tun

    6 from 10 leaves 4 — 10 weniger 6 ist 4; (in will)

    leave somebody something, leave something to somebody — jemandem etwas hinterlassen

    2) (by mistake) vergessen
    3)

    be left with — nicht loswerden [Gefühl, Verdacht]; übrig behalten [Geld]; zurückbleiben mit [Schulden, Kind]

    I was left with the job of clearing up — es blieb mir überlassen, aufzuräumen

    4) (refrain from doing, using, etc., let remain undisturbed) stehen lassen [Abwasch, Essen]; sich (Dat.) entgehen lassen [Gelegenheit]
    5) (let remain in given state) lassen

    leave the door open/the light on — die Tür offen lassen/das Licht anlassen

    leave somebody in the dark — (fig.) jemanden im dunkeln lassen

    leave one's clothes all over the room — seine Kleider im ganzen Zimmer herumliegen lassen

    leave somebody alone — (allow to be alone) jemanden allein lassen; (stop bothering) jemanden in Ruhe lassen

    leave it at that — (coll.) es dabei bewenden lassen

    leave something to somebody/something — etwas jemandem/einer Sache überlassen

    I leave the matter entirely in your hands — ich lege diese Angelegenheit ganz in Ihre Hand/Hände

    leave it to me — lass mich nur machen

    7) (go away from) verlassen

    leave home at 6 a.m. — um 6 Uhr früh von zu Hause weggehen/-fahren

    the plane leaves Bonn at 6 p.m. — das Flugzeug fliegt um 18 Uhr von Bonn ab

    leave Bonn at 6 p.m. — (by car, in train) um 18 Uhr von Bonn abfahren; (by plane) um 18 Uhr in Bonn abfliegen

    leave the road — (crash) von der Fahrbahn abkommen

    leave the rails or tracks — entgleisen

    I left her at the bus stop — (parted from) an der Bushaltestelle haben wir uns getrennt; (set down) ich habe sie an der Bushaltestelle abgesetzt

    leave the table — vom Tisch aufstehen; abs.

    the train leaves at 8.30 a.m. — der Zug fährt od. geht um 8.30 Uhr

    leave for Paris — nach Paris fahren/fliegen

    leave on the 8 a.m. train/flight — mit dem Acht-Uhr-Zug fahren/der Acht-Uhr-Maschine fliegen

    8) (quit permanently) verlassen

    leave school — die Schule verlassen; (prematurely) von der Schule abgehen

    9) (desert) verlassen

    leave somebody for another man/woman — jemanden wegen eines anderen Mannes/einer anderen Frau verlassen

    he was left for dead — man ließ ihn zurück, weil man ihn für tot hielt

    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/42249/leave_aside">leave aside
    * * *
    I [li:v] past tense, past participle - left; verb
    1) (to go away or depart from, often without intending to return: He left the room for a moment; They left at about six o'clock; I have left that job.) verlassen, aufgeben
    2) (to go without taking: She left her gloves in the car; He left his children behind when he went to France.) zurücklassen
    3) (to allow to remain in a particular state or condition: She left the job half-finished.) lassen
    4) (to let (a person or a thing) do something without being helped or attended to: I'll leave the meat to cook for a while.) lassen
    5) (to allow to remain for someone to do, make etc: Leave that job to the experts!) überlassen
    6) (to make a gift of in one's will: She left all her property to her son.) hinterlassen
    •
    - leave alone
    - leave out
    - left over     II [li:v] noun
    1) (permission to do something, eg to be absent: Have I your leave to go?) die Erlaubnis
    2) ((especially of soldiers, sailors etc) a holiday: He is home on leave at the moment.) der Urlaub
    •
    - take one's leave of
    - take one's leave
    * * *
    [li:v]
    I. n no pl
    1. (departure) Abreise f
    2. (farewell) Abschied m
    to take [one's] \leave [of sb] sich akk [von jdm] verabschieden
    3. (permission, consent) Erlaubnis f
    to ask sb's \leave jdn um Erlaubnis bitten
    to get/have sb's \leave [to do sth] jds Erlaubnis bekommen/haben[, etw zu tun]
    ▪ with/without sb's \leave mit/ohne jds Erlaubnis
    absence without \leave unerlaubtes Fernbleiben
    without so much as a by your \leave ( iron) ohne auch nur im Mindesten um Erlaubnis zu fragen
    4. (vacation time) Urlaub m
    maternity \leave Mutterschaftsurlaub m, Karenz f ÖSTERR
    sick \leave Genesungsurlaub m, Krankenstand m ÖSTERR
    annual \leave Jahresurlaub m
    to be/go on \leave in Urlaub sein/gehen
    to be on \leave for sth für etw akk beurlaubt sein
    to get \leave to do sth freibekommen, um etw zu tun
    5.
    ▶ to do sth by one's own \leave ( dated) etw tun, ohne überhaupt zu fragen
    ▶ to have taken [complete] \leave of one's senses [völlig] übergeschnappt sein fam
    have you taken \leave of your senses? that's a very dangerous animal! bist du noch bei Trost? das ist ein sehr gefährliches Tier! fam
    II. vt
    <left, left>
    ▪ to \leave sth place etw verlassen
    the train \leaves the station in five minutes der Zug fährt in fünf Minuten vom Bahnhof ab
    he left them and came over to speak with us er ließ sie stehen und kam herüber, um mit uns zu sprechen
    to \leave home von zu Hause weggehen [o fortgehen]
    to \leave one's husband/wife seinen Ehemann/seine Ehefrau verlassen
    to \leave a job eine Stelle aufgeben
    to \leave school/university die Schule/Universität beenden
    to \leave work aufhören zu arbeiten
    3. (not take away with)
    ▪ to \leave sth etw zurücklassen
    I'll \leave my winter coat — I won't need it ich lasse meinen Wintermantel da — ich werde ihn nicht brauchen
    to \leave a message/note [for sb] [jdm] eine Nachricht/ein paar Zeilen hinterlassen
    ▪ to \leave sb/sth with sb jdn/etw bei jdm lassen
    4. (forget to take)
    ▪ to \leave sth etw vergessen
    to \leave footprints/stains Fußabdrücke/Flecken hinterlassen
    the incident left a feeling of resentment der Vorfall hinterließ einen unangenehmen Nachgeschmack
    6. (cause to remain)
    ▪ to \leave sth etw übrig lassen
    five from twelve \leaves seven zwölf weniger fünf macht sieben
    ▪ to \leave sb sth [or to \leave sth for sb] jdm etw übrig lassen
    if you take two, then that \leaves me three wenn du zwei nimmst, bleiben drei für mich übrig
    we were left with five pieces that we couldn't fit into the jigsaw uns blieben am Ende fünf Teile übrig, die wir nicht in das Puzzle einfügen konnten
    7. (cause to remain in a certain state)
    to \leave sb/an animal alone jdn/ein Tier alleine lassen
    to \leave sb better/worse off jdn in einer besseren/schlechteren Situation zurücklassen
    to be left homeless obdachlos sein
    to \leave sth on/open etw eingeschaltet/offen lassen
    ▪ to \leave sb/sth doing sth:
    I left the children watching television ich ließ die Kinder vor dem Fernseher zurück
    he left the engine running er ließ den Motor laufen
    8. (not change)
    ▪ to \leave sth etw lassen
    \leave that, I'll take care of it later lass das, ich kümmere mich später darum
    9. (not eat)
    ▪ to \leave sth etw übrig lassen
    10. (bequeath)
    ▪ to \leave sth etw hinterlassen
    to \leave sb sth in one's will jdm etw testamentarisch vermachen
    ▪ to \leave sb jdn hinterlassen
    he \leaves a wife and two young children er hinterlässt eine Frau und zwei kleine Kinder
    12. (put off doing)
    ▪ to \leave sth etw lassen
    I'll \leave the rest of the work for tomorrow ich hebe mir den Rest der Arbeit für morgen auf
    don't \leave it too late! schieb es nicht zu lange auf!
    you've left it too late to apply again du hast damit zu lange gewartet, um dich nochmal bewerben zu können
    do you always \leave doing things till the very last possible minute? schiebst du immer alles bis zur allerletzten Minute auf?
    13. (not discuss further)
    to \leave a question/subject eine Frage/ein Thema lassen
    let's \leave it at that lassen wir es dabei bewenden
    14. (assign)
    ▪ to \leave sth to sb decision jdm etw überlassen
    I left making the important decisions to Martha ich überließ es Martha, die wichtigen Entscheidungen zu treffen
    ▪ to \leave sb to do sth:
    I left her to make the decision ich ließ sie die Entscheidung treffen
    ▪ to \leave it to sb [to do sth] es jdm überlassen[, etw zu tun]
    15.
    ▶ to \leave sth up in the air etw offenlassen
    ▶ to \leave sb alone jdn in Ruhe lassen
    ▶ \leave well [enough] alone! lass die Finger davon!
    ▶ to \leave sb be jdn in Ruhe lassen
    ▶ just \leave it be lass es gut sein
    ▶ to \leave a bad [or sour] [or unpleasant] taste [in one's mouth] einen unangenehmen Nachgeschmack hinterlassen fig
    ▶ to \leave nothing/sth to chance nichts/etw dem Zufall überlassen
    ▶ to \leave sb cold jdn kaltlassen
    ▶ to \leave sb out in the cold jdn ignorieren
    everyone else had been invited, only he had been left out in the cold alle anderen waren eingeladen worden, nur ihn hatte man übergangen
    the new taxation system \leaves single mothers out in the cold das neue Steuersystem lässt allein erziehende Mütter im Regen stehen
    ▶ to \leave sb to their own devices jdn sich dat selbst überlassen
    ▶ \leave it to sb to do sth du kannst darauf zählen, dass jd etw tut
    \leave it to John to forget the keys! natürlich hat John wieder die Schlüssel vergessen!
    ▶ to \leave the door open to sth etw begünstigen
    this will \leave the door open to domestic companies to compete for international business dies wird es inländischen Firmen erleichtern, sich um internationale Aufträge zu bewerben
    ▶ to \leave go [or hold] of sb/sth jdn/etw loslassen
    ▶ to \leave sb holding the baby [or AM bag] ( fam) jdn die Suppe auslöffeln lassen fam
    ▶ to \leave a lot to be desired viel zu wünschen übrig lassen
    ▶ to \leave sb in the lurch jdn im Stich [o fam hängen] lassen
    ▶ to \leave sb on the sidelines, to \leave sb standing jdn ausstechen
    ▶ to \leave no stone unturned nichts unversucht lassen
    ▶ to \leave oneself wide open sich dat eine Blöße geben
    III. vi
    <left, left>
    [weg]gehen; vehicle abfahren; plane abfliegen
    our train is leaving in five minutes unser Zug fährt in fünf Minuten ab
    we are leaving for Paris wir fahren nach Paris
    * * *
    [liːv] vb: pret, ptp left
    1. n
    1) (= permission) Erlaubnis f
    2) (= permission to be absent MIL) Urlaub m

    to be on leave — auf Urlaub sein, Urlaub haben

    I've got leave to attend the conference — ich habe freibekommen, um an der Konferenz teilzunehmen

    3)
    2. vt
    1) (= depart from, quit) place, person verlassen

    when the plane left Rome — als das Flugzeug von Rom abflog

    when he left Rome — als er von Rom wegging/wegfuhr/abflog etc

    would you leave us, please? — würden Sie uns bitte allein lassen?

    please sir, may I leave the room? — Herr X, darf ich mal raus?

    to leave the country — das Land verlassen; (permanently) auswandern

    to leave home — von zu Hause weggehen/wegfahren; (permanently) von zu Hause weggehen

    to leave school — die Schule verlassen; (prematurely also) (von der Schule) abgehen

    I'll leave you at the station — am Bahnhof trennen wir uns dann; (in car) ich setze dich am Bahnhof ab

    2) (= allow or cause to remain) lassen; bad taste, dirty mark, message, scar, impression hinterlassen

    left three letters for you —

    they were left to die — man ließ sie sterben

    3) (= leave in a certain condition) lassen

    this leaves me free for the afternoon/free to go shopping — dadurch habe ich den Nachmittag frei/Zeit zum Einkaufen

    to leave sb to do sth — es jdm überlassen, etw zu tun

    to leave go of sb/sth — jdn/etw loslassen

    let's leave it at that —

    if we leave it so that he'll contact us — wenn wir dabei verbleiben, dass er sich mit uns in Verbindung setzt

    to leave sth to the last minute — mit etw bis zur letzten Minute warten

    4) (= forget) liegen lassen, stehen lassen
    5) (after death) person, money hinterlassen
    6)

    all I have left — alles, was ich noch habe

    I've (got) £6 left — ich habe noch 6 Pfund (übrig)

    3 from 10 leaves 7 —

    there was nothing left for me to do but to sell it — mir blieb nichts anderes übrig, als es zu verkaufen

    7) (= entrust) überlassen (up to sb jdm)

    leave it to me —

    I leave it to you to judge — es bleibt dir überlassen, zu urteilen

    8)

    (= stop) let's leave this now — lassen wir das jetzt mal

    3. vi
    (person) (weg)gehen; (in vehicle) abfahren; (in plane) abfliegen; (train, bus, ship) abfahren

    which flight did he leave on? —

    * * *
    leave1 [liːv] prät und pperf left [left]
    A v/t
    1. verlassen:
    a) von jemandem oder einem Ort etc fort-, weggehen:
    the car left the road der Wagen kam von der Straße ab; → home A 1
    b) abreisen, abfahren etc von ( for nach)
    c) von der Schule abgehen
    d) jemanden oder etwas im Stich lassen, etwas aufgeben:
    she left him for another man sie verließ ihn wegen eines anderen Mannes;
    get left umg im Stich gelassen werden
    e) aus einem Verein etc austreten
    2. lassen:
    leave sth about ( oder around) the room etwas im Zimmer herumliegen lassen umg;
    leave sth to cool etwas auskühlen lassen;
    leave it at that es dabei belassen oder (bewenden) lassen;
    leave things as they are die Dinge so lassen, wie sie sind;
    a) allein lassen,
    b) auch leave be jemanden, etwas in Ruhe lassen
    c) auch leave be etwas auf sich beruhen lassen;
    leave him alone! auch du sollst ihn in Ruhe lassen!;
    leave sb to themselves jemanden sich selbst überlassen;
    leave sth until the last minute sich etwas bis zur letzten Minute aufheben; → cold A 4 d, device 7, lurch2, severely 1
    3. (übrig) lassen:
    6 from 8 leaves 2 8 minus 6 ist 2;
    be left übrig bleiben oder übrig sein;
    there is plenty of wine left es ist noch viel Wein übrig;
    there’s nothing left for us but to go uns bleibt nichts (anderes) übrig als zu gehen;
    “to be left till called for” „postlagernd“;
    with ten minutes left zehn Minuten vor Schluss;
    he’s got a lot left umg er hat noch eine Menge drauf; → desire A 1, stone C 1, undone 1
    4. eine Narbe etc zurücklassen (on sb’s face in jemandes Gesicht), einen Eindruck, eine Nachricht, eine Spur etc hinterlassen:
    leave sb wondering whether … jemanden im Zweifel darüber lassen, ob …;
    be left with sitzen bleiben auf (dat) umg;
    the accident left his face disfigured nach dem Unfall war sein Gesicht entstellt; → impression 6, mark1 A 15
    5. hängen oder liegen oder stehen lassen, vergessen:
    6. überlassen, anheimstellen ( beide:
    to sb jemandem):
    leave it to sb to do sth es jemandem überlassen oder anheimstellen, etwas zu tun;
    I leave it to you to decide ich überlasse die Entscheidung Ihnen; → chance A 1
    7. (nach dem Tode) hinterlassen:
    he leaves a widow and five children er hinterlässt eine Frau und fünf Kinder;
    he left his family well off er ließ seine Familie in gesicherten Verhältnissen zurück
    8. vermachen, -erben:
    9. (auf der Fahrt) links oder rechts liegen lassen:
    10. aufhören mit, einstellen, (unter)lassen
    B v/i
    1. (fort-, weg)gehen, abreisen, abfahren ( alle:
    for nach):
    the train leaves at six der Zug fährt um 6 (Uhr) ab oder geht um 6
    leave2 [liːv] s
    1. Erlaubnis f, Genehmigung f:
    ask leave of sb, ask sb’s leave jemanden um Erlaubnis bitten;
    give sb leave to do sth jemandem die Erlaubnis geben, etwas zu tun; jemandem gestatten, etwas zu tun;
    take leave to say sich zu sagen erlauben;
    by leave of mit Genehmigung (gen);
    by your leave mit Ihrer Erlaubnis, iron mit Ihrer gütigen Erlaubnis;
    without so much as a ‘by your leave’ umg ohne auch nur zu fragen; → absence 2, absent A 1, beg A 1
    2. Urlaub m:
    leave from the front MIL Fronturlaub;
    (go) on leave auf Urlaub (gehen);
    a man on leave ein Urlauber;
    leave pay Urlaubsgeld n; → absence 2
    3. Abschied m:
    take (one’s) leave sich verabschieden, Abschied nehmen ( beide:
    of sb von jemandem); → sense A 2
    leave3 [liːv] → leaf B 1
    * * *
    I noun, no pl.
    1) (permission) Erlaubnis, die; (official approval) Genehmigung, die

    grant or give somebody leave to do something — jemandem gestatten, etwas zu tun

    get leave from somebody to do something — von jemandem die Erlaubnis bekommen, etwas zu tun

    by your leave — (formal) mit Ihrer Erlaubnis

    2) (from duty or work) Urlaub, der

    leave [of absence] — Beurlaubung, die; Urlaub, der (auch Mil.)

    be on leave — Urlaub haben; in Urlaub sein

    3)

    take one's leave — (say farewell) sich verabschieden; Abschied nehmen (geh.)

    II transitive verb,
    1) (make or let remain, lit. or fig.) hinterlassen

    leave somebody to do something — es jemandem überlassen, etwas zu tun

    6 from 10 leaves 4 — 10 weniger 6 ist 4; (in will)

    leave somebody something, leave something to somebody — jemandem etwas hinterlassen

    2) (by mistake) vergessen
    3)

    be left with — nicht loswerden [Gefühl, Verdacht]; übrig behalten [Geld]; zurückbleiben mit [Schulden, Kind]

    I was left with the job of clearing up — es blieb mir überlassen, aufzuräumen

    4) (refrain from doing, using, etc., let remain undisturbed) stehen lassen [Abwasch, Essen]; sich (Dat.) entgehen lassen [Gelegenheit]

    leave the door open/the light on — die Tür offen lassen/das Licht anlassen

    leave somebody in the dark — (fig.) jemanden im dunkeln lassen

    leave somebody alone — (allow to be alone) jemanden allein lassen; (stop bothering) jemanden in Ruhe lassen

    leave it at that — (coll.) es dabei bewenden lassen

    6) (refer, entrust)

    leave something to somebody/something — etwas jemandem/einer Sache überlassen

    I leave the matter entirely in your hands — ich lege diese Angelegenheit ganz in Ihre Hand/Hände

    7) (go away from) verlassen

    leave home at 6 a.m. — um 6 Uhr früh von zu Hause weggehen/-fahren

    the plane leaves Bonn at 6 p.m. — das Flugzeug fliegt um 18 Uhr von Bonn ab

    leave Bonn at 6 p.m. — (by car, in train) um 18 Uhr von Bonn abfahren; (by plane) um 18 Uhr in Bonn abfliegen

    leave the road — (crash) von der Fahrbahn abkommen

    leave the rails or tracks — entgleisen

    I left her at the bus stop — (parted from) an der Bushaltestelle haben wir uns getrennt; (set down) ich habe sie an der Bushaltestelle abgesetzt

    leave the table — vom Tisch aufstehen; abs.

    the train leaves at 8.30 a.m. — der Zug fährt od. geht um 8.30 Uhr

    leave for Paris — nach Paris fahren/fliegen

    leave on the 8 a.m. train/flight — mit dem Acht-Uhr-Zug fahren/der Acht-Uhr-Maschine fliegen

    8) (quit permanently) verlassen

    leave school — die Schule verlassen; (prematurely) von der Schule abgehen

    9) (desert) verlassen

    leave somebody for another man/woman — jemanden wegen eines anderen Mannes/einer anderen Frau verlassen

    he was left for dead — man ließ ihn zurück, weil man ihn für tot hielt

    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    n.
    Abschied -e m.
    Urlaub -e m. (the country) v.
    ausreisen v. v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: left)
    = abfahren v.
    aufhören v.
    hinterlassen v.
    verlassen v.
    zurücklassen v.
    überlassen v.
    übriglassen v.

    English-german dictionary > leave

  • 18 jeu

    jeu (plural jeux) [ʒø]
    1. masculine noun
    • le jeu n'en vaut pas la chandelle(PROV) the game is not worth the candle
    • jeu, set, et match game, set and match
    • j'ai compris son petit jeu ! I know his little game!
    • à quel jeu joues-tu ? what are you playing at?
       b. ( = fait de jouer) le jeu play
       d. ( = cartes) hand
       e. ( = façon de jouer) [d'acteur] acting ; [de sportif] game ; [de musicien] technique
       f. ( = fonctionnement) working
       g. ( = espace) play
    • la porte ne ferme pas bien, il y a du jeu the door isn't a tight fit
       h. [de clés, aiguilles] set
       i. ► en jeu (Sport) in play
    • mettre en jeu [+ balle] to throw in ; (en action) to bring into play
    • être en jeu ( = en cause) to be at stake
    • sans jeu de mots ! no pun intended! ► jeu de l'oie ≈ snakes and ladders
    ► jeu de société parlour game ; (avec dés, pions) board game
    * * *
    pl jeux ʒø nom masculin
    1) Jeux, Sport ( activité)

    le jeu — gén play [U]; ( avec de l'argent) gambling [U]; ( type)

    jouer (un) double jeu — fig to be guilty of double dealing

    à quel jeu joue-t-il? — fig what's his game?

    entrer en jeu — fig to come into the picture

    se prendre or se piquer au jeu — to get hooked

    mettre en jeu — to bring [something] into play [éléments]; to stake [somme, titre, honneur]

    remise en jeu — (au football, après une touche) throw; (au hockey, après un but) face-off

    être hors jeu — ( au football) to be offside

    2) Jeux, Sport ( manche) game

    cacher bien son jeu — fig to keep it quiet

    4) Commerce, Jeux ( matériel) (d'échecs, de dames) set; ( de cartes) deck; ( de société) game
    5) ( manière de jouer) ( d'acteur) acting [U]; ( de musicien) playing [U]; (de footballeur, joueur de tennis) game
    6) ( série) set
    7) ( effet) (de reflets, vagues, d'ombres) play; (de forces, d'alliances) interplay
    •
    Phrasal Verbs:
    ••

    c'est pas de or du jeu! — (colloq) that's not fair!

    * * *
    ʒø
    jeux pl nm
    1) (= divertissement) play

    Le jeu est une activité essentielle pour les enfants. — Play is an essential activity for children.

    se piquer au jeu; se prendre au jeu — to get into it

    3) TENNIS game

    Il mène par deux sets à un et trois jeux à deux. — He's leading by two sets to one and three games to two.

    4) (= façon de jouer) [équipe] game

    Ils pratiquent un jeu offensif. — They play an attacking game.

    5) [pianiste] touch
    6) THÉÂTRE acting
    7) TECHNIQUE (d'une pièce, entre des éléments) play
    8) (= fonctionnement)
    10) CARTES hand

    cacher son jeu fig — to keep one's cards hidden, to conceal one's hand

    Des vies humaines sont en jeu. — Human lives are at stake., [facteurs, forces] at work

    remise en jeu FOOTBALL — throw-in

    * * *
    1 Jeux, Sport ( activité) le jeu gén play ¢; ( avec de l'argent) gambling ¢; ( type) un jeu a game; le jeu est nécessaire au développement de l'enfant play is necessary to a child's development; apprendre par le jeu to learn through play; perdre une fortune au jeu to lose a fortune in gambling; on va faire un jeu let's play a game; les règles du jeu the rules of the game; ce n'était qu'un jeu it was only a game; jouer (un) double jeu fig to play a double game; à quel jeu joue-t-il? fig what's his game?; il y a une part de jeu dans leur attitude they're never completely serious about things; il fait ça par jeu he does it for fun; je lui ai dit ça par jeu mais elle m'a cru I told her that for fun but she believed me; ils se livrent déjà au petit jeu de deviner qui le remplacera they're already having fun trying to guess who will replace him; ce fut un jeu (d'enfant) pour lui de résoudre cette énigme it was child's play for him to solve this enigma; ton avenir est en jeu your future is at stake; entrer en jeu fig to come into the picture; d'entrée de jeu right from the start; se prendre or se piquer au jeu to get hooked; il s'est pris au jeu de la politique he got hooked on politics; se laisser prendre au (petit) jeu de qn to fall for sb's (little) game; être pris or se prendre à son propre jeu to be caught at one's own game; battre qn à son propre jeu to beat sb at his/her own game; mettre en jeu to put [sth] into play [ballon, balle]; to bring [sth] into play [éléments, facteurs, do!nnées]; to stake [somme, objet, titre, honneur]; remettre la balle en jeu to put the ball back into play; remise en jeu (au football, après une touche) throw; (au hockey, après un but) face-off; mettre tout en jeu pour faire to go all out to do; être hors jeu ( au football) to be offside; ils ont beau jeu de me critiquer it's easy for them to criticize me;
    2 Jeux, Sport ( manche) game; il a gagné (par) trois jeux à deux he won by three games to two;
    3 Jeux ( main aux cartes) hand; avoir un bon or beau jeu to have a good hand; avoir du jeu to have a good hand; montrer/cacher son jeu lit to show/conceal one's hand; fig to show/not to show one's hand;
    4 Comm, Jeux ( matériel) (d'échecs, de dame!s) set; ( de cartes) deck; ( de société) game;
    5 ( manière de jouer) ( d'acteur) acting ¢; ( de musicien) playing ¢; (de footballeur, joueur de tennis) game; jeu sobre/brillant ( d'acteur) restrained/brilliant acting; jeu défensif or fermé defensive game; jeu d'attaque or ouvert attacking game;
    6 ( série) set; jeu de clés/tournevis set of keys/screwdrivers; jeu d'épreuves Imprim set of proofs;
    7 (interaction, effet) (de reflets, vagues, d'ombres) play; (de rapprochements, forces, d'alliances) interplay; le libre jeu des associations/de l'imagination the free play of associations/of the imagination; effet spécial obtenu par un jeu de miroirs special effect obtained by mirrors;
    8 ( possibilité de mouvement) Mécan play; Anat free movement; le jeu des pistons the play of the pistons; le jeu des articulations/muscles the free movement of joints/muscles; il n'y a pas assez de jeu there's not enough play; il y a du or trop de jeu there's too much play; donner du jeu à to loosen; ⇒ chandelle, épingle, heureux, quille, vieux, vilain.
    jeu d'adresse Jeux game of skill; jeu d'argent Jeux, Turf game played for money; jouer à des jeu d'argent to gamble; jeu de caractères Ordinat character set; jeu codé Ordinat coded set; jeu de construction Jeux ( activité) construction game; ( pièces) construction set; jeu d'écritures Compta juggling ¢ the books; grâce à un jeu d'écritures by juggling the books; jeu éducatif Jeux educational game; jeu d'équipe Sport team game; jeu d'éveil Jeux early-learning game; jeu d'extérieur Jeux outdoor game; jeu de hasard Jeux game of chance; la vie est un jeu de hasard fig life is a lottery; jeu d'initialisation Ordinat initialization deck; jeu d'intérieur Jeux indoor game; jeu de jambes Sport footwork; jeu de massacre Jeux ≈ coconut shy GB; fig massacre; jeu de mots Ling pun; jeu de l'oie Jeux ≈ snakes and ladders GB; jeu d'orgue Mus organ stop; jeu de paume Sport ( activité) real tennis; ( terrain) real tennis court; jeu de piste Jeux treasure hunt; jeu radiophonique Radio radio game show; jeu de rôles Scol role playing ¢; jeu de scène Théât stage business; jeu de société Jeux (échecs, monopoly® etc) board game; ( charades etc) party game; jeu télévisé TV (TV) game show; jeu vidéo Vidéo video game; jeu à XIII Sport rugby league; jeux de grattage Jeux scratchcards; Jeux Olympiques, JO Sport Olympic Games, Olympics; Jeux Olympiques d'été/d'hiver Summer/Winter Olympics.
    jouer le jeu to play the game; jouer le grand jeu to pull all the stops out○; c'est pas de or du jeu○! that's not fair!; faire le jeu de qn to play into sb!'s hands; ‘faites vos jeux’ ( au casino) ‘faites vos jeux’; ‘les jeux sont faits’ ( au casino) ‘les jeux sont faits’; fig ‘the die is cast’.
    ( pluriel jeux) [ʒø] nom masculin
    ce n'est qu'un jeu! it's only a game!, it's only for fun!
    le jeu [activité] play
    par jeu for fun, in play
    jeu d'adresse/de hasard game of skill/of chance
    jeu électronique/vidéo electronic/video game
    jeu radiophonique/télévisé radio/TV quiz (game)
    jeu de l'oie ≃ snakes and ladders
    2. [cartes] hand
    avoir beau jeu (de faire quelque chose) to have no trouble (doing something), to find it easy (to do something)
    3. [ensemble de pièces] set
    jeu de (32)/52 cartes pack (UK) ou deck (US) of (32)/52 cards
    un jeu de dames/d'échecs/de quilles a draughts/chess/skittles set
    un jeu de clés/tournevis a set of keys/screwdrivers
    4. [manigances] game
    qu'est-ce que c'est que ce petit jeu? [ton irrité] what are you playing at?, what's your (little) game?
    se (laisser) prendre au jeu to get caught up ou involved in what's going on
    voir clair ou lire dans le jeu de quelqu'un to see through somebody's little game, to see what somebody is up to
    ‘le Jeu de l'amour et du hasard’ Marivaux ‘The Game of Love and Chance’
    5. SPORT [activité] game
    [action] play
    [partie] game
    [au tennis] game
    ‘jeu de ballon interdits’ ‘no ball games’
    6. [terrain]
    a. [sur gazon] bowling green
    b. [de pétanque] ground (for playing boules)
    7. [style d'un sportif] game, way of playing
    il a un jeu défensif/offensif he plays a defensive/an attacking game
    il a un bon jeu de volée he's a good volleyer, he volleys well
    [interprêtation - d'un acteur] acting ; [ - d'un musicien] playing
    8. [activité du parieur]
    elle a tout perdu au jeu she gambled her entire fortune away, she lost her whole fortune (at) gambling
    9. [effet] play
    jeu de mots play on words, pun
    a. [naturels] play of light
    b. [artificiels] lighting effects
    10. [espace]
    la vis a ou prend du jeu the screw is loose
    11. [action] play
    c'est un jeu de ton imagination/ta mémoire it's a trick of your imagination/your memory
    ————————
    jeux nom masculin pluriel
    1. [mise]
    faites vos jeux(, rien ne va plus) faites vos jeux (rien ne va plus)
    b. (figuré) the die is cast, there's no going back now
    ————————
    en jeu locution adjectivale
    1. [en question] at stake
    2. [en action] at play
    les forces en jeu sur le marché the competing forces ou the forces at play ou the forces at work on the market
    3. [parié] at stake
    la somme en jeu the money at stake ou which has been staked
    ————————
    en jeu locution adverbiale
    2. [en marche]
    3. [en pariant]
    jeu de massacre nom masculin
    This radio programme formerly called jeu des mille francs was originally broadcast in the 1950s and has become a national institution. The quiz, whose top prize was originally one thousand francs, consists of a series of questions sent in by listeners.

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > jeu

  • 19 инновация

    1. innovation

     

    инновация
    1. Вложение средств в экономику, обеспечивающее смену поколений техники и технологии.
    2. Новая техника, технология, являющиеся результатом достижений научно-технического прогресса. Развитие изобретательства, появление пионерских и крупных изобретений является существенным фактором инновации.
    [ http://www.lexikon.ru/dict/buh/index.html]

    инновация
    1.- См статью Иннновации, 2. — результат вложения средств (инвестиций) в разработку новой техники и технологии, во внедрение новых форм бизнеса, современных методов работы на рынке, новых товаров и услуг, финансовых инструментов.
    [ http://slovar-lopatnikov.ru/]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU из ABB Review. Перевод компании Интент

    Partners in technology
    New challenges to a history of cooperation with customers

    Партнеры по технологии
    Новые уроки сотрудничества с заказчиками

    ABB’s predecessor companies, ASEA and BBC, were founded almost 120 years ago in a time when electromagnetism and Maxwell’s equations were considered “rocket science.” Since then several technological transitions have occurred and ABB has successfully outlived them all while many other companies vanished at some point along the way. This has been possible because of innovation and a willingness to learn from history. Understanding historical connections between products, technology and industrial economics is extremely Partners in technology New challenges to a history of cooperation with customers George A. Fodor, Sten Linder, Jan-Erik Ibstedt, Lennart Thegel, Fredrik Norlund, Håkan Wintzell, Jarl Sobel important when planning future technologies and innovations.

    Предшественницы АББ, компании ASEA и BBC, были основаны почти 120 лет назад, в то время, когда электромагнетизм и уравнения Максвелла считались «космическими технологиями». С тех пор прошло несколько технических революций и АББ успешно пережила их все, в то время как многие другие компании затерялись по дороге. Это стало возможным, благодаря постоянным инновациям и стремлению учиться на уроках истории. Для планирования будущих технологий и инноваций огромную роль играет понимание исторических взаимосвязей между продуктами, технологиями и экономикой

    These connections rely on information channels in companies and their existence cannot be underestimated if a company is to survive. An organization can acquire more information than any one individual, and the optimal use of this information depends on the existence and types of communication channels between those working in a company and the relevant people outside it.

    Эти взаимосвязи опираются на существующие в компании информационные каналы и, если компания намерена выжить, их значение нельзя недооценивать. Организация может накопить значительно больше информации, чем любой отдельный человек, и оптимальное использование этой информации зависит от наличия и типов коммуникационных каналов между работниками компании и причастными людьми за ее пределами.

    Force Measurement, a division of ABB AB, has a long tradition of innovation. Thanks to strong ties with its customers, suppliers, research institutes and universities, Force Measurement provides state-of-the-art equipment for accurate and reliable measurement and control in a broad range of applications. At the same time, established principles such as Maxwell’s equations continue to be applied in new and surprisingly innovative ways to produce products that promote long-term growth and increased competitiveness.

    Группа измерения компании АББ имеет давние традиции использования инноваций. Благодаря прочным связям с заказчиками, поставщиками, исследовательскими институтами и университетами, она создает уникальное оборудование для точных и надежных измерений в самых разных областях. В то же время незыблемые принципы, подобные уравнениям Максвелла, продолжают применяться новыми и удивительно инновационными способами, позволяя создавать продукты, обеспечивающие устойчивый рост и высокую конкурентоспособность.

    Innovation is a key factor if companies and their customers are to survive what can only be called truly testing times. The target of innovation is to find and implement ideas that reshape industries, reinvent markets and redesign value chains, and many of these ideas come from innovative customers.

    Если компания и ее заказчики намерены пережить тяжелые времена, то основное внимание следует обратить на инновации. Целью инноваций является поиск и воплощение идей, позволяющих перевернуть промышленность, заново открыть рынки и перестроить стоимостные цепочки, причем многие из этих идей поступают от заказчиков.

    Key to successful innovation is communication or the types of information channels employed by firms [1, 2]. A global company like ABB, with offices and factories spanning 90 countries, faces many challenges in maintaining information channels. First of all, there are the internal challenges. Ideas need to be evaluated from many different perspectives to determine their overall impact on the market. Selecting the most effective ones requires expertise and teamwork from the various business, marketing and technology competence groups. Just as important are the channels of communication that exist between ABB, and its customers and suppliers.

    Секрет успешных инноваций кроется в типах используемых фирмой информационных каналов [1, 2]. Глобальные компании, подобные АББ, с офисами и заводами более чем в 90 странах, сталкиваются с серьезными проблемами управления информационными каналами. Во-первых, существуют внутренние проблемы. Чтобы определить ценность идеи и ее общее влияние на рынок, ее нужно подвергнуть всесторонней оценке. Выбор наиболее эффективных идей требует коллективной работы различных экономических, маркетинговых и технологических групп. Не менее важны и коммуникационные каналы между компанией АББ и ее заказчиками и поставщиками.

    Many of ABB’s customers come from countries that are gradually developing strong technology and scientific cultures thanks to major investments in very ambitious research programs. China and India, for example, are two such countries. In fact, the Chinese Academy of Sciences is currently conducting research projects in all state of-the-art technologies. Countries in Africa and Eastern Europe are capitalizing on their pool of young talent to create a culture of technology development. Emerging markets, while welcome, mean stiffer competition, and competition to companies like ABB encourages even greater levels of innovation

    Многие заказчики АББ пришли из стран, постоянно развивающих сильную технологию и научную культуру путем крупных инвестиций в грандиозные исследовательские программы. К таким странам относятся, например, Индия и Китай. На самом деле, Китайская академия наук ведет исследования по всем перспективным направлениям. Страны Африки и Восточной Европы делают ставку на молодые таланты, которым предстоит создавать культуру технологического развития. Новые рынки, хоть и привлекательны, ужесточают конкуренцию, а конкуренция с такими компаниями, как АББ способствует повышению уровня инноваций.

    Many customers, similar stories Backed by 120 years of technological development and experience, ABB continues to produce products and services in many automation, power generation and robotics fields, and the examples described in the following section illustrate this broad customer range.

    Заказчиков много, история одна
    Опираясь более чем на 120-летний опыт технологического развития, АББ продолжает выпускать продукты и оказывать услуги во многих отраслях, связанных с автоматизацией, генерацией энергии и робототехникой. Приведенные далее при меры иллюстрируют широкий диапазон таких заказчиков.

    Тематики

    EN

    3.1.29 инновация (innovation): Конечный результат инновационной деятельности, получивший реализацию в виде нового или усовершенствованного продукта, реализуемого на рынке, нового или усовершенствованного технологического процесса, используемого в практической деятельности.

    Источник: ГОСТ Р 54147-2010: Стратегический и инновационный менеджмент. Термины и определения оригинал документа

    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > инновация

  • 20 innovation

    1. инновация
    2. инновации

     

    инновации
    1. Процесс создания и освоения новых технологий и продуктов, приводящий к повышению эффективности производства. 2. Новая техника, технологии, являющиеся результатом научно-технического прогресса. Инновации, в современных условиях, достигаются преимущественно путем инвестиций в нематериальные активы (НИОКР, информационные технологии, переподготовку кадров, привлечение покупателей) Инновации в самом общем смысле, прежде всего, делятся на два класса: инновации процесса и инновации продукта, хотя они тесно связаны между собой; возможно как изготовление нового продукта старыми методами, так и изготовление старого продукта новыми методами – и наоборот. Не следует смешивать понятия инноваций и изобретений. Второе – более узко, относится к технике и технологии. Однако порою простая реорганизация производства ( а это организационная инновация) может принести не меньший экономический эффект, чем изобретение, техническое усовершенствование. Инновации – основа и движущая сила научно-технического прогресса во всех его видах: трудосберегающего, капиталосберегающего, нейтрального. Основоположник теории инноваций австрийский экономист Й.Шумпетер утверждал, что двигателем экономического развития выступает предприимчивость, выражающаяся в постоянном поиске новых комбинаций факторов производства, дающих предпринимателю возможность получать прибыль, большую по сравнению со средней. Все инновации связаны с большой долей риска. Но известно и другое: отказ от инноваций является еще более рисковым делом, поскольку ведет к замедлению научно-технического прогресса и экономического роста в целом.См. Диффузия инноваций.
    [ http://slovar-lopatnikov.ru/]

    Тематики

    EN

     

    инновация
    1. Вложение средств в экономику, обеспечивающее смену поколений техники и технологии.
    2. Новая техника, технология, являющиеся результатом достижений научно-технического прогресса. Развитие изобретательства, появление пионерских и крупных изобретений является существенным фактором инновации.
    [ http://www.lexikon.ru/dict/buh/index.html]

    инновация
    1.- См статью Иннновации, 2. — результат вложения средств (инвестиций) в разработку новой техники и технологии, во внедрение новых форм бизнеса, современных методов работы на рынке, новых товаров и услуг, финансовых инструментов.
    [ http://slovar-lopatnikov.ru/]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU из ABB Review. Перевод компании Интент

    Partners in technology
    New challenges to a history of cooperation with customers

    Партнеры по технологии
    Новые уроки сотрудничества с заказчиками

    ABB’s predecessor companies, ASEA and BBC, were founded almost 120 years ago in a time when electromagnetism and Maxwell’s equations were considered “rocket science.” Since then several technological transitions have occurred and ABB has successfully outlived them all while many other companies vanished at some point along the way. This has been possible because of innovation and a willingness to learn from history. Understanding historical connections between products, technology and industrial economics is extremely Partners in technology New challenges to a history of cooperation with customers George A. Fodor, Sten Linder, Jan-Erik Ibstedt, Lennart Thegel, Fredrik Norlund, Håkan Wintzell, Jarl Sobel important when planning future technologies and innovations.

    Предшественницы АББ, компании ASEA и BBC, были основаны почти 120 лет назад, в то время, когда электромагнетизм и уравнения Максвелла считались «космическими технологиями». С тех пор прошло несколько технических революций и АББ успешно пережила их все, в то время как многие другие компании затерялись по дороге. Это стало возможным, благодаря постоянным инновациям и стремлению учиться на уроках истории. Для планирования будущих технологий и инноваций огромную роль играет понимание исторических взаимосвязей между продуктами, технологиями и экономикой

    These connections rely on information channels in companies and their existence cannot be underestimated if a company is to survive. An organization can acquire more information than any one individual, and the optimal use of this information depends on the existence and types of communication channels between those working in a company and the relevant people outside it.

    Эти взаимосвязи опираются на существующие в компании информационные каналы и, если компания намерена выжить, их значение нельзя недооценивать. Организация может накопить значительно больше информации, чем любой отдельный человек, и оптимальное использование этой информации зависит от наличия и типов коммуникационных каналов между работниками компании и причастными людьми за ее пределами.

    Force Measurement, a division of ABB AB, has a long tradition of innovation. Thanks to strong ties with its customers, suppliers, research institutes and universities, Force Measurement provides state-of-the-art equipment for accurate and reliable measurement and control in a broad range of applications. At the same time, established principles such as Maxwell’s equations continue to be applied in new and surprisingly innovative ways to produce products that promote long-term growth and increased competitiveness.

    Группа измерения компании АББ имеет давние традиции использования инноваций. Благодаря прочным связям с заказчиками, поставщиками, исследовательскими институтами и университетами, она создает уникальное оборудование для точных и надежных измерений в самых разных областях. В то же время незыблемые принципы, подобные уравнениям Максвелла, продолжают применяться новыми и удивительно инновационными способами, позволяя создавать продукты, обеспечивающие устойчивый рост и высокую конкурентоспособность.

    Innovation is a key factor if companies and their customers are to survive what can only be called truly testing times. The target of innovation is to find and implement ideas that reshape industries, reinvent markets and redesign value chains, and many of these ideas come from innovative customers.

    Если компания и ее заказчики намерены пережить тяжелые времена, то основное внимание следует обратить на инновации. Целью инноваций является поиск и воплощение идей, позволяющих перевернуть промышленность, заново открыть рынки и перестроить стоимостные цепочки, причем многие из этих идей поступают от заказчиков.

    Key to successful innovation is communication or the types of information channels employed by firms [1, 2]. A global company like ABB, with offices and factories spanning 90 countries, faces many challenges in maintaining information channels. First of all, there are the internal challenges. Ideas need to be evaluated from many different perspectives to determine their overall impact on the market. Selecting the most effective ones requires expertise and teamwork from the various business, marketing and technology competence groups. Just as important are the channels of communication that exist between ABB, and its customers and suppliers.

    Секрет успешных инноваций кроется в типах используемых фирмой информационных каналов [1, 2]. Глобальные компании, подобные АББ, с офисами и заводами более чем в 90 странах, сталкиваются с серьезными проблемами управления информационными каналами. Во-первых, существуют внутренние проблемы. Чтобы определить ценность идеи и ее общее влияние на рынок, ее нужно подвергнуть всесторонней оценке. Выбор наиболее эффективных идей требует коллективной работы различных экономических, маркетинговых и технологических групп. Не менее важны и коммуникационные каналы между компанией АББ и ее заказчиками и поставщиками.

    Many of ABB’s customers come from countries that are gradually developing strong technology and scientific cultures thanks to major investments in very ambitious research programs. China and India, for example, are two such countries. In fact, the Chinese Academy of Sciences is currently conducting research projects in all state of-the-art technologies. Countries in Africa and Eastern Europe are capitalizing on their pool of young talent to create a culture of technology development. Emerging markets, while welcome, mean stiffer competition, and competition to companies like ABB encourages even greater levels of innovation

    Многие заказчики АББ пришли из стран, постоянно развивающих сильную технологию и научную культуру путем крупных инвестиций в грандиозные исследовательские программы. К таким странам относятся, например, Индия и Китай. На самом деле, Китайская академия наук ведет исследования по всем перспективным направлениям. Страны Африки и Восточной Европы делают ставку на молодые таланты, которым предстоит создавать культуру технологического развития. Новые рынки, хоть и привлекательны, ужесточают конкуренцию, а конкуренция с такими компаниями, как АББ способствует повышению уровня инноваций.

    Many customers, similar stories Backed by 120 years of technological development and experience, ABB continues to produce products and services in many automation, power generation and robotics fields, and the examples described in the following section illustrate this broad customer range.

    Заказчиков много, история одна
    Опираясь более чем на 120-летний опыт технологического развития, АББ продолжает выпускать продукты и оказывать услуги во многих отраслях, связанных с автоматизацией, генерацией энергии и робототехникой. Приведенные далее при меры иллюстрируют широкий диапазон таких заказчиков.

    Тематики

    EN

    3.1.29 инновация (innovation): Конечный результат инновационной деятельности, получивший реализацию в виде нового или усовершенствованного продукта, реализуемого на рынке, нового или усовершенствованного технологического процесса, используемого в практической деятельности.

    Источник: ГОСТ Р 54147-2010: Стратегический и инновационный менеджмент. Термины и определения оригинал документа

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > innovation

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